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The Space Shuttle
Published in Norman Begg, The Remarkable Story of Vaccines, 2023
I now invite you to join me in building the Space Shuttle. The first step is assembling all the raw materials. This takes a bit of time as they are not widely available. A drug usually has just one chemical compound, plus a few materials to formulate it into a pill, syrup or injection. A vaccine uses up to twenty different types of ingredients. The most important is the virus or bacterium that will be used to make the active ingredient. Many vaccines contain more than one strain of the active ingredient. One of the vaccines for pneumococcal infection contains twenty strains (called serotypes) of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, each one of which will eventually be joined to a protein during manufacture in a process called conjugation. The viruses and bacteria need to be grown on something, so cells and culture media are needed.
Routine maternal immunizations for all pregnant women
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a significant health problem in the United States (27). It is estimated that 3000 cases of meningitis, 500,000 cases of pneumonia, and 7 million cases of otitis media are due to the pneumococcus. This translates into 175,000 hospitalizations and an adult fatality rate of 40,000 persons per year. With aging populations, an increasing antibiotic oesistance to S. pneumonia, and more adults immunosuppressed, the annual number of fatalities will rise.
The patient with acute respiratory problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Pneumonia occurs when inflammatory material (exudate) accumulates in the alveoli. Where the inflammation is confined to the whole of one or more lobes, then it is referred to as lobar pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia when spread more widely throughout the lungs. Similarly, pneumonia can be caused by a range of pathogenic organisms including bacteria and viruses, following the aspiration of vomit or mucus and occasionally following treatment such as radiotherapy. Examples of micro-organisms that can cause pneumonia include: Streptococcus pneumoniae.Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Influenza A viruses.Haemophilus influenzae.Chlamydia pneumoniae.Legionella pneumoniae.Pneumocystis carinii.
Enhancing efficacy of existing antibacterials against selected multiple drug resistant bacteria using cinnamic acid-coated magnetic iron oxide and mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Noor Akbar, Muhammad Kawish, Tooba Jabri, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Raza Shah, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
Among multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacteria, Escherichia coli and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cause several infections including gastroenteritis, meningitis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), skin, respiratory, and other nosocomial infections [11–13]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa being a nosocomial pathogen causes 20% of hospital-acquired infections, bloodstream infections and is prevalent in patients with acute leukemia, burn wounds, cystic fibrosis, and organ transplants [14,15]. Serratia marcescens colonizes the intensive care unit and causes opportunistic infections [16]. A wide spectrum of invasive infections are caused by Klebsiella pneumonia including pneumonia, meningitis, pyogenic liver abscess, UTIs, bloodstream infection, and intra-abdominal infection etc [17]. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia in children and has been isolated from patients with purulent pleuritis [18].
Delayed cerebral thrombosis complicating bacterial meningitis
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Sofie Depoortere, Jonas Toeback, Sophie Lunskens, Erwig Van Buggenhout, Regilio Oedit, Dimitri Hemelsoet
Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Median age was 65 years. Approximately half (54%) of the patients were male. About one-third (35%) were known to have an otitis or sinusitis and one-quarter (26%) had an immunocompromised state. Patients were judged to be immunocompromised when they were using immunosuppressive drugs or had diabetes mellitus, chronic alcohol use, asplenia or HIV infection [1,11]. Presentation with the classic triad of fever, neck stiffness and impaired consciousness (defined as a score on the GCS ≤ 14) occurred in 70%. Most common symptom on initial presentation was impaired consciousness (86%). Brain CT was performed in 24 out of 28 patients. Brain abnormalities were found in four patients and included hydrocephalus, ventriculitis, cerebral edema and combined mastoiditis and pneumocephalus [11–13]. LP was performed to confirm the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in all but one patient [9]. In the latter case, diagnosis was based upon clinical findings and positive blood cultures for Streptococcus pneumoniae [9]. Later in the disease course of this patient, particularly at the time of deterioration, LP was performed, revealing neutrophilic pleocytosis [9]. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the pathogen in 89% of cases. DCT occurred in two patients with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis and in one patient with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis [11,14].
A review of current data to support decision making for introduction of next generation higher valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of immunocompetent older adults in the UK
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Andrew Vyse, James Campling, Carole Czudek, Gillian Ellsbury, Diana Mendes, Ralf-Rene Reinert, Mary Slack
The latest data highlights the unpredictability of pneumococcal disease epidemiology and the difficulties in accurately projecting future trends in older adults [7,43]. Transmission between pediatric and unvaccinated adult age groups may also be more complex than previously thought with previous assumptions about the extent and consistency of indirect protection induced by routine pediatric PCV programmes over time possibly over optimistic [42,54]. New research suggests that carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults may previously have been underestimated, with significant transmission between older adults more likely than had previously been thought. This may have implications for interpreting the dynamics of pneumococcal transmission and the value of vaccinating older age groups with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines [9,55–57].