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Social Distancing and Quarantine as COVID-19 Control Remedy
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Hussaan, Fatima Batool, Sahar Mumtaz, Nagina Rehman, Samina Yaqoob, Humaira Kausar
Droplet transmission of respiratory diseases depends upon the size of droplets which varies in different sizes, i.e., respiratory droplets have size greater than 5–10 µm while droplet nuclei are less than 5 µm in diameter [61]. Currently, evidences proved that primarily COVID-19 transferred between two persons via respiratory droplets and contact routes [62–64]. Transmission through droplets does occur when a person comes in contact, closer to a distance of about 1 m with the one who is suffering from the symptoms of respiratory disorder like coughing, sneezing. It enhances mucosae’s risk (either from nose or mouth) and conjunctiva (eyes) transmission through potentially infected respiratory droplets. Moreover, immediate transmission can occur when the person came across the fomites in an infected person’s environment [65]. Hence, the transmission of CoVs can be occurred through direct (with the infected person) or indirect (with the infected objects in the immediate environment of infected person) contact like the thermometer, stethoscope, utensils, etc.
Respiratory Diseases
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Aref T. Senno, Ryan K. Brannon
The spectrum of disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus is referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The primary mode of transmission is person-to-person. Infection spreads mainly via respiratory droplets, direct contact, and indirect contact (via fomites). When spread via respiratory droplets, most transmission occurs within 6 feet, although some cases have been reported at longer distances in enclosed spaces [130]. The incubation period from time of exposure to symptom onset is approximately 5 days, with 99% of cases reporting symptoms within 2 weeks of exposure [131]. Once symptoms begin, most patients are infectious for about 7–10 days. However, approximately 44% of cases are transmitted prior to symptom onset, starting up to 12 days prior to symptom onset [132]. While primarily a pulmonary disease, secondary renal and hepatic damage are common in severe disease [133, 134].
Open Geospatial Data for Responding to the COVID-19 Challenge
Published in Abbas Rajabifard, Greg Foliente, Daniel Paez, COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience, 2021
Maria Antonia Brovelli, Serena Coetzee
Based on knowledge at the time of writing, the COVID-19 disease is mainly transmitted through close physical contact and respiratory droplets. Contamination happens either through direct contact with respiratory droplets or through droplets that have settled on a surface or object. Transmission happens when a contaminated hand touches the mouth, nose or eyes [1]. Therefore, places frequented by many people or where people are in close proximity to each other present a higher risk of transmissions. Because transmission happens through respiratory droplets emitted by people, tracking the locations visited by contaminated people and closing them for a period of time can help to contain the spread.
Electron microscopy overview of SARS-COV2 and its clinical impact
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Soheir Saiid Mansy, Mona Mahmoud AbouSamra
By determining the size of the virus, researchers and healthcare providers can identify the number of viruses carried by the respiratory droplet to which an individual can be exposed, and probably infected through respiratory droplet transmission. Moreover, how humans protect themselves from infection by this respiratory droplet that represents one of the primary direct route of COVID19 transmission.21 Respiratory droplets are large respiratory particles that are > 5–10 μm in diameter, according to WHO 202012. Lee et al,22 reported that 7.18 × 10−4% of the respiratory fluid particle from a COVID-19 patient is occupied by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the minimum size of a respiratory particle that can contain SARS-CoV-2 is calculated to be approximately 4.7 μm.21 In the same time, as a function of viral loading, the number of virions in the droplets of 100 μm in diameter conveys the largest viral load inducing infection due to the abundance of droplets of this size. Meanwhile, droplets less than < 20 µm in diameter at the time of emission are less likely to induce infections.23 Thus, wearing masks, maintaining a safe distance of 1.5 m between individuals, and avoiding crowded indoor gatherings are among the safe protective measures advised by the WHO.24
An overview of the preclinical discovery and development of remdesivir for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Pasquale Pagliano, Carmine Sellitto, Giuliana Scarpati, Tiziana Ascione, Valeria Conti, Gianluigi Franci, Ornella Piazza, Amelia Filippelli
The COVID-19 pandemic is a difficult challenge for the scientific community because of the high diffusion rate via respiratory droplets and contact with aerosol-infected surfaces. The disease was discovered after an outbreak reported among people working in a “wet market” in Wuhan, suggesting zoonotic spillover as the origin of this new infection. It is postulated that the novel coronavirus originated from bats and was transmitted to an intermediate host, probably pangolin, and then to humans [19]. COVID-19 is transmitted through personal contact with respiratory droplets, and intra-hospital outbreaks have been reported. Based on the last available data, over 163 million cases have been detected, causing over 3 million deaths with an ongoing high incidence in the poor areas of India and Brazil (checked on May 16th, 2021) (Tab. 1).
Bronchoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Canadian Thoracic Society position statement
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2021
Simon A. Houston, Christine M. McDonald, Chung-Chun Tyan, Marc Fortin, Lama Sakr, Ashley-Mae E. Gillson, Renelle Myers, Glenda N. Bendiak, Elaine Dumoulin, Anne V. Gonzalez, Christopher A. Hergott
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is highly transmissible between persons, and may be transmitted by asymptomatic hosts. COVID-19 poses a significant threat to frontline health care providers (HCPs). As of July 2020, there were 21,842 COVID-19 cases in Canadian HCPs comprising 19.4% of the total cases in Canada.1 Being an upper and lower respiratory infection transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets, COVID-19 poses a particular challenge to the safe provision of bronchoscopy during the pandemic. The phenomenon of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, particularly in the pediatric population, poses additional risk to HCPs performing bronchoscopy, as this creates the potential for unexpected and unrecognized transmission of COVID-19 to HCPs.2,3