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Brain Health
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
We can’t say it any more plainly: if you want good cognition, your body needs to move. Nothing accelerates brain atrophy more than immobility. As one example, in a small study at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, the higher the older adults’ aerobic fitness level, the lower their probability of experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue state. We’ve all experienced that phenomenon in which we can’t recall and speak a particular word or phrase, despite feeling that “it’s right on the tip of my tongue.” You know the word you want, but you just can’t manage to spit it out.
Pre-Clinical Approaches and Methods on Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
S. R. Chandra, Pooja Mailankody
MCI represents the early, incipient stage of dementia. This needs to be differentiated from minor changes associated with normal aging, where a person’s experience of mild retrieval defect is manifested as a “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon (Burton 2004). Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) is another term which manifests as memory performance being poorer than in younger persons, and aging-associated cognitive decline (AACD), when other cognitive domains, beside memory, are also affected (Busse et al. 2006). The term cognitive impairment non-demented (CIND) indicates that a subject is more deficient but cannot be called demented (Chandra 2017). When the term MCI is introduced, it points to abnormal processes, which are more likely to be the prodromal of the progress toward dementia (Chandra et al. 2016). Approximately 12 to 18% of persons above 65 years of age suffer from MCI (Chao et al. 2010). However, there are gross differences in the tools used to evaluate this parameter, and therefore the data also vary (Citron et al. 1992). Petersen (2004) proposed the following evaluation for non-demented subjects: memory complaint qualified by an informant; memory impairment normalized for age and education; general cognitive function preserved; and activities of daily living intact.
Reinforcement and Recollection of Reactions
Published in L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydov, Silverman Robert, Educational Psychology, 2020
Finally, the third type of memory is that of memorization, not through the eyes or the ears, but through natural movements involving muscular and kinesthesia sensations arising thereby. In learning this same poem by heart, people whose memory is of this type will inevitably have to write it out, or will have to say it to themselves, even if silently. When trying to recall something they have forgotten, they will produce motor speech reactions, and the very act of recollection will occur at the very tip of their tongue or right on their lips. We say that a word is “on the tip of our tongue” or, when trying to recall the spelling of some word, we entrust the task to our hand, the movement of our hand and of our fingers bringing to mind the spelling of the word.
When Thinking is Doing: Responsibility for BCI-Mediated Action
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2020
Stephen Rainey, Hannah Maslen, Julian Savulescu
In another sense, however, examples of attempted remembering are evidence of some neural control, even when the memory sought remains elusive. Studies into non-sensory fringe experience, like “tip of the tongue” phenomena in which one mentally searches for a specific word, show that frontal brain areas are active during such experiences (Baars 2003, 9–10). Tip of the tongue phenomena include the neural act of searching for a word that ca not quite be remembered. These acts are not aiming for doing anything other than remembering something. The brain regions active during these acts are mostly non-sensory. Hence, this evidence suggests that neural action, not aimed at sensory behavior, has measurable effects in the brain. Kirmayer and Gold suppose that this empirical evidence supports the idea that during neural action “…we use our brains” (2011, 317 emphasis in original). In other words, we voluntarily control neural activity in specific acts of trying to remember whether we remember or not. With this and involuntary memory recall taken together, we appear to have a kind of control over our neural activity. We can use our brains to try to remember, but also be subject to its activity when memory appears involuntarily.
The Role of Executive Functions in Object- and Action-Naming among Older Adults
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2019
Eve Higby, Dalia Cahana-Amitay, Amy Vogel-Eyny, Avron Spiro, Martin L. Albert, Loraine K. Obler
Aging may increase the need for cognitive control during language production due to changes in the representational system and/or increased susceptibility to lexical competition. Older adults experience increased difficulty retrieving the names of objects or people (e.g., Barresi, Nicholas, Connor, Obler, & Albert, 2000; Burke & Shafto, 2008; Connor, Spiro, Obler, & Albert, 2004; Goral, Spiro, Albert, Obler, & Connor, 2007; MacKay, Connor, Albert, & Obler, 2002). They also report having more tip-of-the-tongue experiences compared to young adults, a situation in which they know the word they want to express but cannot access its word form, i.e., phonology (Burke et al., 1991; Ossher, Flegal, & Lustig, 2013). The Transmission Deficit Hypothesis posits that the source of older adults’ word retrieval difficulties is a weakening in the strength of connections between representational levels in the language production system (Burke et al., 1991). This weakening is particularly detrimental to the retrieval of the word form because there are few alternative routes to accessing the phonology when retrieval fails.
Quantitative sensory testing for assessment of somatosensory function in human oral mucosa: a review
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Pin Zhou, Yaming Chen, Jinglu Zhang, Kelun Wang, Peter Svensson
In addition to PPTs, some other approaches have been used to investigate somatosensory function of oral mucosa. Komiyama et al. [30] assessed the TDT and the FPT in the intra-oral regions and found both parameters were lowest at the anterior tip of the tongue indicating this area was the most sensitive to tactile and painful stimulation in the orofacial region. With a custom-made silicone-based template, Lu et al. [31] evaluated intraoral somatosensory mapping in the gingivomucosal region and reported the anterior and apical regions were more sensitive than posterior and cervical regions with mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, a standardized QST protocol including 13 test measures was applied to oral mucosa, and the reliability of the comprehensive test battery has been confirmed in healthy volunteers [15]. Most intraoral tests had acceptable to excellent inter-examiner and intra-examiner reliability, and no differences were found between right and left sides [15].