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Growth and development
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
1.18. Ninety percent of children at 1 year wouldbuild a tower of three cubes.Β have a well developed pincer grip.give up a toy on request.walk without support.show stranger anxiety.
Human Development and Its Theories
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Social development refers to learning how to relate to other people, while emotional development involves feelings and expression of feelings. Trust, fear, confidence, pride, friendship, and humor are all part of social-emotional development. The initial smiles of infants expressed after birth are called reflexive smiles (like a reflex), presumably they do not reflect happiness and appear to be due to internal states. Social smiles begin at about 2 months, in response to external events (e.g., face or voice of mother). Infants often express fear of strangers (stranger anxiety) and display distress when separated from their primary caregiver (separation anxiety) at about 6–9 months, with peak at about 9–15 months and decline in the second year. The degree of stranger anxiety varies from one baby to another. Learning to express emotions in appropriate ways begins early in life. Caregivers can promote this learning when they positively model these skills. A person’s self-concept and self-esteem are also part of this area. Early social development is recognized in close emotional bond, or attachment, that infants form with their primary caregivers (see pp. 72–76). Also, Erikson’s psychosocial theory was discussed above (pp. 65–70).
Human development
Published in Bhaskar Punukollu, Michael Phelan, Anish Unadkat, MRCPsych Part 1 In a Box, 2019
Bhaskar Punukollu, Michael Phelan, Anish Unadkat
7 monthsSits steadily.Stranger anxiety begins and is established by 8 months.Grasps and transfers toys.Starts to imitate mother’s sounds and actions.
Associations between fetal testosterone and pro–social tendencies, anxiety and autistic symptoms in Williams syndrome: a preliminary study
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Ana Alexandra Caldas Osório, Júlia Horta Tabosa do Egito, Gabriela Carneiro Martins, Chong Ae Kim, Rachel Sayuri Honjo, Adriana da Conceição Soares Sampaio, Ana Raquel Marcelino Mesquita, Elizeu Coutinho Macedo, Paulo Sérgio Boggio, Maria Cristina Triguero Veloz Teixeira
Williams syndrome (WS) — a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7q11.23 — is characterized by a distinctive pattern of social-emotional features, alongside mild to moderate intellectual disability. In contrast with some of the cardinal symptoms of ASD, individuals with WS exhibit marked social approach and disinhibition, as well as strong empathic tendencies (Mervis 2003, Klein-Tasman and Mervis 2003). These overly social behaviors are especially evident when meeting and interacting with unfamiliar people, and individuals with WS have been characterized as lacking stranger anxiety and showing a strong desire to approach new people (Bellugi et al. 1999, Frigerio et al. 2006, Martens et al. 2008). Recently, Riby et al. (2014) used video vignettes to assess awareness of stranger danger in children and adolescents with WS, and reported difficulties in judging whether or not to trust and engage in conversation with unfamiliar people. Such tendencies, coupled with intellectual disability, may place individuals with WS at increased risk in their social environments (Jawaid et al. 2012, Riby et al. 2014). Indeed, their seemingly endearing social-emotional profile often constitutes an important concern for parents and caregivers. Furthermore, individuals with WS are characterized by heightened anxiety, as several studies report high incidence of anxiety disorders (of non-social nature), particularly specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder (Dykens 2003, Leyfer et al. 2006).
Concentric Group Therapy for Aggression: A Historical Perspective
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2018
Others have developed frameworks for group treatment based on stages of group development, men’s issues, and hostility related to group stages. This includes several aspects: Early phase, characterized by confusion, mistrust, and lack of safety; feelings of anxiety, dependency and helplessness and hostility such as overwhelming anxiety, vulnerability to attack, prejudice and fear of exclusion, loss of control, and narcissistic injury (Gans, 2005; MacNab, 1990).Overwhelming anxiety, including stranger anxiety, fear of exposure, and the resultant shame that contribute to tension and feelings of powerlessness.Vulnerability to act, in which. irrational, uncivilized, dehumanizing behaviors may emerge.Prejudice and fear of exclusionLoss of control. This includes verbal or physical aggression such as cutting behaviors.Narcissistic injury.