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Treatment for Depression in Adolescent Girls: Navigating Puberty and the Transition to Adolescence 1
Published in Laura H. Choate, Depression in Girls and Women Across the Lifespan, 2019
Another factor that puts adolescent girls at risk for depression is that they begin to experience a heightened need to be close with others and to feel a sense of belongingness to a peer group. When girls are highly invested in friendships, this closeness can serve as a double-edged sword: it can bring increased social support, but it also causes girls to become vulnerable and distressed when there is conflict in their relationships. For example, interpersonal stress is associated with increased levels of depression and lowered self-esteem for girls but not for boys (Hankin, Wetter, & Cheely, 2008). This is because girls and women are more likely to base their self-esteem on the quality of their relationships, so that their self-esteem is based on whether their relationships are going well or not. This seems to be happening with the girl in the previous quote; she is sacrificing part of herself in order to maintain her relationships, but she realizes that there is a cost that comes with this sacrifice. When a girl displays high levels of sociotropy (i.e., is highly concerned with others’ opinions of her and her standing in current relationships), this can cause her to sacrifice her own needs and desires in order to please others, to avoid conflict, and to maintain the security of her relationships. Sociotropy can cause a girl to neglect the development of an authentic self-concept during the important years of identity formation in the adolescent period (Gilligan, 1993). When self-esteem is contingent upon interpersonal success, a girl is vulnerable to depression. Sociotropy is more present in girls than in boys (Cambron, Acitelli, & Pettit, 2009), and interpersonal stress, peer rejection, and poor relationship quality are predictors of depression in girls but not in boys (Hankin et al., 2008). In addition, because girls can be overly invested in the success of their relationships, girls are also more likely than boys to minimize their feelings of anger and to inhibit their expression of assertiveness, and both of these qualities are linked to depression (Gillham & Chaplin, 2011).
Centrality of Self-Criticism in Depression and Anxiety Experienced by Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Golan Shahar, Raz Bauminger, Rüdiger Zwerenz, Elmar Brähler, Manfred Beutel
To date, relatively little is known on the role of Depressive Personality Vulnerability (DPV; Shahar et al., 2018) for symptoms of depression/anxiety experienced by breast cancer sufferers, either within or outside psychotherapy. Shahar et al. (2018) proposed the term DPV to refer to “personality dimensions that are not themselves symptoms of depression, but may increase risk for Depression” (p. 2). The vast majority of DPV studies has drawn from the independent theories of Sidney J. Blatt and Aron T. Beck (Beck et al., 1983; Blatt, 1974, 2008; Blatt & Zuroff, 1992; Luyten & Blatt, 2013). Blatt posited that personality develops along two vectors: interpersonal relatedness and self-definition. An overemphasis on relatedness while neglecting self-definition results in anaclitic dependency. Conversely, an overemphasis on self-definition at the expense of relatedness might lead to introjective self-criticism. Both dependency and self-criticism were postulated by Blatt as basic dimensions of vulnerability to depression (Blatt, 2008). Beck stipulated that sociotropy (pertaining to an overemphasis on interpersonal relationships) and autonomy (referring to separateness and achievement striving) confer risk for depression. Extant research has implicated self-criticism as the dimension most associated with risk for depression, anxiety, and other psychopathologies (Shahar, 2015; Werner et al., 2019). Moreover, self-criticism was shown to complicate brief, evidence-based psychotherapy for depression (for a review, see Blatt & Zuroff, 2005; Shahar, 2015).
The Relational Self-Schema Measure: Assessing Psychological Needs in Multiple Self-with-Other Representations
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Walter D. Scott, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Stephen Paup, Xingzi Li, Delaney Adams, Blake Mallory
The RSSM is also distinctive in its content by its assessment of both satisfaction and frustration of the full complement of psychological needs. In the clinical literature, measures such as the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS; Beck et al., 1983) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt et al., 1976) reflect some aspects of psychological needs. However, they fail to assess such needs directly or comprehensively, instead focusing more broadly on self-worth being contingent on either interpersonal acceptance or individual accomplishment/performance. Further, as opposed to examining content revealed by appropriate assessment of the self-schema structure, these measures were developed by examining the subjective experiences of depressed clients and/or from clinical material provided by clinicians.
Psychometric Aspects of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: Implications for Clinical Assessment and Research
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2018
Giorgio Falgares, Sandro De Santis, Salvatore Gullo, Daniel C. Kopala-Sibley, Fabrizio Scrima, Stefano Livi
In line with two-polarities models (e.g., Beck's Sociotropy-Autonomy model [Beck, 1983]; self-determination theory [Deci & Ryan, 2012]; attachment approaches [e.g., Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Sibley, 2007]; and contemporary interpersonal models [e.g., Pincus, 2005; Wiggins, 1991]), Blatt argued that personality proceeds through a dialectical and continuing interaction among the issues of identity, autonomy, and achievement on the one hand, and interpersonal issues of relatedness, attachment, and intimacy on the other (Luyten & Blatt, 2013). According to Blatt's (2008) two-configurations model, mature personality can be considered a synergistic product of two main developmental dimensions that extend throughout an entire lifetime: interpersonal relatedness, which involves developing the capacity for mature, intimate, reciprocal, and mutually satisfactory interpersonal relationships; and self-definition, involving the development of a realistic, integrated, and differentiated identity or sense of self. In this model, the organization of a healthy personality comprises a certain level of integration or balance between interpersonal relatedness and self-definition (see Kopala-Sibley & Zuroff, 2014, and Luyten & Blatt, 2013, for reviews).