China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
What Neurobiology Has to Say About Why People Abuse Alcohol and Other Drugs
Published in Richard T. Spence, Diana M. DiNitto, Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner, Neurobiology of Addictions, 2014
The fact that some individuals develop a compulsive drug use pattern in response to emotional pain cannot be denied. In the case of alcoholism, about 5-10% of those who are alcohol dependent can be labeled as having primary depression with secondary alcoholism. For these individuals, depression preceded their alcoholism. It is likely that these individuals began using alcohol to attenuate their negative moods. However, they are less likely to have a family history of alcoholism than primary alcoholics (Littrell, 1991a), and, thus, their alcoholism is less likely to be genetically based. Additionally, women, for whom the case for inherited alcoholism is less well established, are more likely to display this form of alcoholism (Littrell, 1991a; 1991b). In contrast, about 85% of alcoholics are high scorers on the MacAndrew scale, an MMPI scale whose items overlap with items on the Sensation Seeking Scale (Littrell, 1991a). They are more likely to be primary alcoholics for whom depression was not apparent prior to the inception of their drinking careers (Littrell, 1991a). Moving beyond alcohol to other drugs, sensation seeking is probably the strongest trait predictor of compulsive drug use (Sabol et al., 1999). Therefore, it is unlikely that primary alcoholics and sensation-seeking individuals began their drug use careers in order to medicate depression, because, as a group, they are less likely to be depressed.
Escape expectancies and sexualized substance use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Kiffer G. Card, Heather L. Armstrong, Lu Wang, Nicanor Bacani, David M. Moore, Eric A. Roth, Robert S. Hogg, Nathan J. Lachowsky
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Snaith, 2003) assessed severity of symptoms of trait anxiety (e.g., “Worrying thoughts go through my mind”) and depression (e.g., “I feel as if I am slowed down”) using two subscales. The HADS-anxiety subscale has recently been shown to perform similarly to the subscale of the Trait Anxiety Subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Zingano et al., 2019). The Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale (Kalichman et al., 1994) was used to assess sensation seeking motivations for sexual behaviour (e.g., “he physical sensations are the most important thing about having sex.”). The Sexual Altruism Scale (O’Dell, Rosser, Miner, & Jacoby, 2008) assessed “other-centered motivations” for gbMSM’s HIV-prevention behaviour. The HIV Treatment Optimism-Scepticism scale (Van de Ven et al., 2000) measured attitudes toward HIV therapies and associated risk perceptions (e.g., “A person with undetectable viral load cannot pass on the virus”) using a 12 item scale.
Latent class analysis of drinking behaviors and predictors of latent class membership among college students in the Republic of Korea
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Second, regarding individual characteristics, grade point average (GPA) and age of drinking onset were measured as continuous variables, using a single item. We assessed current smoking using two items (lifetime and past 30-day smoking). Those who answered yes to both questions were defined as current smokers. We assessed the other four characteristics using multiple items. We assessed sensation seeking using a Korean version of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, & Donohew, 2002; Yu, 2011), which included eight items measuring experience seeking, boredom susceptibility, thrill and adventure seeking, and disinhibition. We assessed depression using 20 items obtained from a Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Chon, Choi, & Yang, 2001; Radloff, 1977). We assessed perceived stress and self-esteem using three items for each predictor (Jessor, Costa, & Turbin, 2003). Sensation seeking was measured on a 5-point Likert scale; the other three predictors were measured on a 4-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicated lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of the other predictors. Cronbach’s alpha values for all four predictors were equal to or greater than .70.
Associations between Croatian Adolescents’ Use of Sexually Explicit Material and Risky Sexual Behavior: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2019
Goran Koletić, Aleksandar Štulhofer, Ivan Tomić, Jadranka Knežević Ćuća
Male adolescents’ maturation was assessed by measuring their T-levels (M = 109.13; SD = 54.36). As biological testing was carried out only among male adolescents, retrospective self-assessment of relative pubertal timing at the final wave was used to estimate female participants’ physical maturation (“Compared to your peers, would you say that you have entered puberty…”). The response scale ranged from 1 (much earlier than most of my peers) to 5 (much later). The indicator, which has been shown to adequately measure relative onset of puberty (Michaud, Suris, & Deppen, 2006), was dichotomized into 1 (early maturing adolescents [Original Categories 1 and 2]; 21.6%) and 0 (others [Categories 3–5]). Family socioeconomic status was assessed at T3 by the Family Affluence Scale, the recommended procedure for health-related research among adolescents (Boyce, Torsheim, Currie, & Zambon, 2006). Sensation seeking was measured with The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (Stephenson, Hoyle, Palmgreen, & Slater, 2003). The four-item measure was included in each study wave (Cronbach’s α ranged from .80 to .83 and stability coefficients from .76 to .79).