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Autism and mental health
Published in Nichola Tyler, Anne Sheeran, Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems, 2022
Jermaine J. A. Thompson, Christopher Ince
The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Hart et al., 1992) is a rating scale to assess for the presence of psychopathy by probing interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial aspects. Evidence from a study with young offenders found that those with autism scored significantly higher in the affective component of the PCL-R, which suggests a similar lack of empathy ‘traditionally’ present in those with psychopathy (Hofvander et al., 2019). However, there is a clearer distinction between autism and psychopathy in terms of deficits within subtypes. There is some evidence that autistic people may have difficulties with cognitive empathy but appear to have intact emotional empathy, whereas those with psychopathy are thought to have the opposite; difficulties with emotional empathy but not cognitive empathy (e.g., Grant, 2018). Careful assessment by clinicians experienced in working with autistic people is required where there are questions about severe personality disturbance. The issues of autism and offending are discussed in Chapter 4.
From young victim to perpetrator
Published in Panos Vostanis, Helping Children and Young People Who Experience Trauma, 2021
One construct particularly stands out, across fiction, popular media and law. But what do we really mean by ‘psychopathy’? Some view it as the extreme of antisocial personality disorder, or a ‘chronic disturbance in relations with self, others and the wider environment that result in inability to fulfil social roles’. Psychopathy includes distinct features of shallow emotions, callousness, lack of remorse, self-centredness combined with lack of empathy, and often superficial charm. There is an irony in its Greek origin of ψνχη (psyche = mind or soul) and παθοζ (pathos = suffering, or evoking feelings), as it rather denotes the absence of such emotional components from that individual, in contrast with the responses it provokes from others. Is somebody born with it or do they acquire it over time? Traits could arguably be seen in people who do not necessarily commit crime or violence, but who are simply deeply egocentric and unpopular, although uncovering them can take time. In its severe and ‘active’ forms, a number of factors appear to interplay, by when such patterns are difficult both to predict and to change. The interpersonal and affective criteria of psychopathy, rather than its socially deviant behaviours, appear to distinguish it from the broader and pretty heterogeneous construct of antisocial personality disorder.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurocognitive Disorders
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
Psychopathy is a construct of many personality disorders, including extreme callousness, lack of concern for the effects of actions on others, lack of empathy, lack of fear, lack of ability to form emotional bonds, disinhibited impulsivity, and antisocial behavior.60 Psychopaths also exhibit a lack of remorse, shallowness, and manipulation and demonstrate superficial charm.61 Although the prevalence of psychopathy in the general population is low, psychopaths commit a disproportionate number of violent crimes. Their level of gratuitous violence is also extremely high.62 Moreover, they have very high levels of recidivism, with psychopaths consistently being three times more likely to recidivate within 1 year of prison release than non-psychopaths and four times more likely to specifically commit violent crimes repeatedly.63 They adjust poorly to prison settings and treatment programs.63 Psychopathy is considered to be one of the most robust predictors of crime and recidivism. Many studies have considered the differences in the brains of psychopaths in comparison with non-psychopaths.
Psychopathy subdomains in violent offenders with and without a psychotic disorder
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Christina Bell, Natalia Tesli, Tiril P. Gurholt, Jaroslav Rokicki, Gabriela Hjell, Thomas Fischer-Vieler, Ingrid Melle, Ingrid Agartz, Ole A. Andreassen, Petter Andreas Ringen, Kirsten Rasmussen, Hilde Dahl, Christine Friestad, Unn K. Haukvik
Psychopathy was evaluated with PCL-R, a 20-item scale for assessing psychopathy in research, clinical, and forensic settings. It uses a semi-structured interview, file, and collateral information to measure personality traits and behaviors related to a widely understood conception of psychopathy [19]. The items are rated on a three-point Likert scale (0 = not present, 1 = present to some degree, 2 = present), with a maximum score of 40 points. A PCL-R total score of 30 has been used as a cutoff in North America, while 25 is typically used in Europe [19]. The current study used the four-facet model described by Robert Hare in the PCL-R 2nd edition manual [19]: Facet 1 – Interpersonal (PCL items 1, 2, 4, and 5); Facet 2 – Affective (items 6, 7, 8, and 16); Facet 3 – Lifestyle (items 3, 9, and 13–15); and Facet 4 Antisocial (items 10, 12, and 18–20) as shown in Figure 1. Two of the 20 items are left out because they do not apply specifically to any of the four facets. That is items 11 (promiscuous sexual behaviour) and 17 (many short-term marital relationships).
Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) Violence Risk Case Formulation and Psychopathic Personality Disorder
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2022
Dylan T. Gatner, Kevin S. Douglas, Stephen D. Hart, P. Randall Kropp
For clinicians in high-risk correctional and forensic settings, this analysis has clear application to improving violence case formulations. Consider how a clinician answers the question: How does psychopathy cause or contribute to violence? Others have commented that examining violence through a broad lens of psychopathy (i.e., at the unitary construct level) reduces explanatory utility (Howard, 2015; Howard & Duggan, 2015). At its higher-order conceptual level, psychopathy may indicate a higher risk for violence, but it does not explain how a person might be motivated, disinhibited, or destabilized to act violently. Clinicians need to specify psychopathic traits or symptoms—the current analysis provides a framework for such specification. Formulating violence risk at a granular or symptom level of PPD can improve clinical utility by specifying relevant management targets and mechanisms for future violence. This approach may also benefit clinicians who do not comment on diagnosis during their violence risk or threat assessments or for those forensic mental health professionals working in settings (e.g., forensic outpatient clinics) where PPD prevalence is lower. In particular, the current analysis suggests that mental health professionals may improve their violence risk assessment opinions by considering the role of CAPP Self and Dominance traits in violent behavior.
Assessing Maladaptive Personality in the Forensic Context: Development and Validation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Forensic Faceted Brief Form (PID-5-FFBF)
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Lisa M. Niemeyer, Michael P. Grosz, Johannes Zimmermann, Mitja D. Back
The PID-5-FBF might provide a highly useful tool for forensic and correctional decision-making given its promising psychometric properties and focus on maladaptive traits closely related to forensically relevant constructs like aggression, psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (e.g., Drislane et al., 2019; Dunne et al., 2018; Hopwood & Sellbom, 2013; Wygant et al., 2016). For example, research with offender samples shows strong associations between PID-5 facets and aggression (e.g., hostility, risk taking, callousness, impulsivity; Dunne et al., 2018) as well as between PID-5 domains and criminogenic thinking styles (Zeigler-Hill et al., 2017). Similarly, all PID-5 facets of Antagonism (attention seeking, callousness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, manipulativeness) and almost all facets of Disinhibition (distractibility, impulsivity, irresponsibility, risk-taking) showed strong associations with the Meanness and Disinhibition domains of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (Strickland et al., 2013). These associations are very relevant because psychopathy is strongly related to antagonistic behavior and recidivism (Leistico et al., 2008). Furthermore, the most prevalent personality disorder in offender samples is antisocial personality disorder (Coid et al., 2002), which is characterized by elevated trait levels of callousness, manipulativeness, deceitfulness, impulsivity, risk-taking, irresponsibility and hostility (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).