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Living language and the resonant self
Published in Anthony Korner, Communicative Exchange, Psychotherapy and the Resonant Self, 2020
An enlivening-deadening axis of experience might encompass basic principles of mental functioning in a way that allows a revision of Freud’s pleasure and reality principles (Freud, 1911). The pleasure principle might be restated as “a tendency to seek or continue experiences of liveliness and to seek escape from, or foreshorten, deadening experiences”. The reality principle becomes “the tendency to seek conditions that allow for a sustainable experience of liveliness” (Korner, 2000). Recognition of a primary “seeking system”, associated with strivings towards the environment (Panksepp & Biven, 2012), overcomes some of the apparent conflict between the reality and pleasure principles. The sense of liveliness is largely engendered in ongoing strivings to work, relate and play rather than through the episodic satisfactions of consummatory pleasure.
Major Schools of Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
According to Freud, the ego develops from the id during infancy. The ego’s goal is to satisfy the demands of the id in a safe and socially acceptable way. In contrast to the id, the ego is governed by what is known as the reality principle, that is, the ego must take the demands of reality and the outside world into account in addition to the id’s basic needs and urges. The reality principle weighs up the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. So, the ego attempts to help the id to get what it wants by judging the difference between real and imaginary. In many cases, the id’s impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification; the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only at the appropriate time and place. If a person is hungry, the id might begin to imagine food and even dream about food. The ego, however, will seek how to get some real food and helps a person satisfy id’s primary process needs through reality using the secondary process. Secondary processthinking is based on logic, obeying the rules of causality, and is consistent with external reality. It separates internal fantasy from external reality, creating accurate internal representations, judging the results of one’s actions, locating events in linear time, solving problems, and communicating clearly. The strength of the secondary process can vary depending upon a number of factors. If the id needs are very urgent, e.g., if you really need to get to a restroom as quickly as possible; these needs may override the ego and the secondary process and instead force you to act on such demands. The ability to restrain the basic demands of the id probably become stronger as one grows. According to Freud, a healthy adult personality is characterized by the ability to delay gratification until it is acceptable or realistic.
Conversational Artificial Intelligence and Distortions of the Psychotherapeutic Frame: Issues of Boundaries, Responsibility, and Industry Interests
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2023
Meghana Kasturi Vagwala, Rachel Asher
The therapeutic frame promises continuity but not on-demand access, a dynamic that psychologist Anne Gray represents “the reality principle - the fact that we cannot have all that we desire instantaneously” (Gray 2013). In contrast to enticing potential users with the message that “there are no such things as waiting rooms or appointments here” (“Woebot Health” n.d.), the therapeutic frame is predicated on the notion that the frustration of waiting between appointments for some patients is an important part of the therapeutic work, allowing them space to individuate and learn to contain their own emotions. For other patients, particularly those who have more serious safety concerns for self-harm, selective employment of more frequent touchpoints with a clinician can be appropriate and productive aspects of the therapeutic frame. Human therapists can formulate, contextualize the frequency of communication, consider its potential relationship to clinical severity, and leverage this knowledge to improve patients’ insight into these behaviors. CAI, however, cannot “provide robust and complex explanations that might help individual users to better understand their very individual experiences” (Sedlakova and Trachsel 2023, 9). To our knowledge, CAI does not analyze the frequency of contact to explicitly assess severity of clinical condition, rather focusing its detection of severity on more obvious markers such as use of certain phrases with concerning wording (Tekin 2021).
Location of Power within Psychiatry: A Fifty-Year Journey as Represented in Film
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
Lois Biggin Moylan, Ian Needham, Kevin McKenna, Jeanne Kimpel
The authors of this paper performed a 50 years review (1960–2010) of select films in which conditions in psychiatric hospitals were depicted, in order to analyze whether the sociocultural changes occurring in psychiatry were reflected in the films of the period. Films that cover points in time in the development of psychiatry which depicted the varying medical paradigms/regimes and rationales as they evolved through the years were purposely selected. The films selected were assessed by four international experienced, credentialled psychiatric professionals to either realistically represent a picture of conditions in acute care psychiatry (reality principle), or to represent the location of power within the existing hierarchy of psychiatric institutions and the treatment modalities in use at the time, accurately (power principle). The Bases of Power and Power Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence (Raven, 2008) was used to evaluate the location and transfer of power as depicted within the psychiatric hospitals. Specific sources of power discussed in these films are legitimate power, expertise power, coercive power, and power to reward. The discussion of these films is presented below.
Creative Performances: Horror and Human Destructiveness in Psychoanalytic Writing
Published in Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 2020
Shatan (1989), on the other hand, also deconstructs a set of premises that enabled sexualized slaughter as a ritual of revenge in Vietnam. He regards the Vietnam military ethos as a mad situation, with a reality principle of its own, that logically justified the goriest actions. He writes, “The military reality principle embodies the siege mentality and the paranoid position of combat: permanent hypervigilance, reflex obedience, and instant tactical response—to any threat, real or imagined” (Shatan, 1989, p. 130).