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Prevalence and Genetic Epidemiology of Developmental Disabilities
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Coleen A. Boyle, Kim Van Naarden Braun, Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp
There are no standardized tests for the diagnosis of autism (unlike for MR). Instead, the diagnosis is based on clinical observations of behaviors that are consistent with the diagnostic criteria for autism (45). The current diagnostic criteria include those of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition (7) and the International Classification for Disease, 10th edition (6). These classifications (which are similar between systems) include criteria for autistic disorder; Asperger disorder; and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). These three disorders comprise a continuum of conditions referred to as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Asperger disorder is used to describe children with higher intellectual functioning who have the behavioral features of autism without the language impairments. PDD-NOS is a default category for children who do not meet the criteria for autistic disorder.
Autistic spectrum disorders
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) is used by mental health and educational professionals to diagnose and characterize mental and behavioral conditions. In 2013, the APA released the fifth edition of its manual (DSM–5, 2013), which included important and major changes to the criteria used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. Under the previous criteria published by the APA (DSM–IV–TR, 2000), autism was classified as one of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Other classifications for PDD were Asperger’s disorder (AD), Rett’s disorder (RD), childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Because of difficulties with a definitive diagnosis for each subtype of PDD, as well as there being no overwhelming support for the uniqueness of subtypes, many scientists and clinicians advocated for the use of the term autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) to describe the variety of symptoms found in these children (Reid & Collier, 2002). Moreover, researchers found that different clinics, treatment centers, and diagnosticians used these four diagnoses differently.
The Role of the SLP and Assistive Technology in Life Care Planning
Published in Roger O. Weed, Debra E. Berens, Life Care Planning and Case Management Handbook, 2018
One area receiving an increased amount of attention at this time is autism. Autism (autistic disorders) is within the broader diagnostic category of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Other diagnoses in the category include Asperger's syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) (sometimes referred to as PDD-NOS), and childhood disintegrative disorder. These disorders occur in males approximately four times more often than in females. In earlier years, autism affected one in 500 children; however, with the explosive increase in the United States (and apparently in other countries), whether because of better diagnoses or actual increases in cases, it is now estimated that one in 150 children ages 10 and younger are classified as having some form of ASD (Bishop, 1989; Gillberg, 1991; Tonge, 2002; Owens, 2004). SLPs are aggressively involved in treating children and adolescents with ASD.
Evaluating the rate of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder in children at risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Published in Children's Health Care, 2020
Audrey Ward, Andrea D. Boan, Laura A. Carpenter, Catherine C. Bradley
In the years since DSM-5 was released, concern has been noted as to whether SCD stands as an independent diagnosis (Mandy et al., 2017; Norbury, 2014). Kim et al. (2014) assessed 58 children with a prior DSM-IV diagnosis of PDD-NOS and found that 17 (29%) of these children did not qualify for a diagnosis of DSM-5 ASD due to lack of RRBs; however, 13 of those 17 children (76%) did meet criteria for SCD. Mandy et al. (2017) supported these findings in a retrospective analysis of individuals meeting SCD criteria (n = 88) from a sample that had been previously assessed for ASD. In this sample, 30% had previously been diagnosed with DSM-IV PDD-NOS. Another 27% were diagnosed with either Autistic Disorder or Asperger syndrome, but did not meet DSM-5 ASD criteria. The remaining 43% of SCD cases did not meet criteria for any DSM-IV PDD diagnosis due to lack of sufficient social impairment or repetitive behaviors (Mandy et al., 2017), and the authors hypothesized that SCD was not distinct from ASD but described it as “lying on the borderlands of the autism spectrum,” capturing the patients with autistic traits that fell just below the threshold for an ASD diagnosis (Mandy et al., 2017).
Quantitative-Analysis of Behavioral Interventions to Treat Sleep Problems in Children with Autism
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2020
Amarie Carnett, Sarah Hansen, Laurie McLay, Leslie Neely, Russell Lang
The 13 single case and six group design studies provided sleep-related interventions to a total of approximately 210 participants with ASD (27 participants in single-case design studies and 183 participants from group designs that reported number of participants). In the single-case design studies, 14 participants were male (47%), six were female (20%), and 10 participant’s gender were not reported (33%). In the group design studies, insufficient information was given about participant gender to report. Twenty-seven of the participants in single-case studies had a diagnosis of autism, three (8.58%) had an additional diagnosis (e.g., seizure disorder, vision impairment, cerebral palsy), and three (8.58%) were identified as having PDD-NOS or PDD. Of the six group design studies, 100% featured participants with ASD, 33% featured a participant with developmental disabilities, and 33% featured participants with co-morbid disabilities. Across all studies included in this review, participant age ranged from 1:1 to 18 years (M = 6:5). However, it should be noted that the mean age is an estimate, given not all studies reported exact ages for each participant.
Autism Advocacy Before and After DSM-5
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2020
Meanwhile, psychiatry’s understanding of autism was shifting. DSM-III, which was published in 1980, officially distinguished autism from schizophrenia for the first time, including the diagnosis “infantile autism” (299.0x) among the subclass “pervasive developmental disorders.” Though seen as an improvement over earlier classifications, some worried that DSM-III’s rather rigid criteria risked excluding older and less severely affected autistic patients. Accordingly, the revised version of the manual, DSM-III-R (APA 1987) outlined “autistic disorder” using polythetic criteria, which permitted a greater degree of flexibility in diagnosis. It also included “pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified” (PDD-NOS), which was applied to patients demonstrating “sub-threshold” autistic behaviors. These changes reflected the fledgling notion of the “autism spectrum” and, unsurprisingly, resulted in a dramatic increase in estimates of autism prevalence (Wing 1993).