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Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
characterized by mild intellectual disability and neurologic symptoms. Initially, non-specific symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, and poor feeding are indicative of increasing neurological dysfunction. Soon thereafter, these symptoms are followed by focal neurological signs such as abnormal movements and increasing spasticity. Convulsions and deepening coma develop soon after the appearance of focal signs.1 If untreated, progressive brain damage is inevitable and death ensues usually within weeks or months.1 Newborn screening for MSUD is performed throughout the U.S. to allow for rapid diagnosis.
Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Intellectual disability can be thought of as a final common pathway of a number of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal disorders that affect brain structure or function. Possible causes include more than 500 genetic abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism; perinatal or early childhood head injuries; maternal diabetes; mother’s substance abuse; toxemia of pregnancy; or rubella. In 30–40 percent of patients with intellectual disability, no clear etiology can be determined. The most common cause of intellectual disability is Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Fragile X syndrome.
Metabolic Diseases
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Stephanie Grünewald, Alex Broomfield, Callum Wilson
The earlier the diagnosis and thus the earlier treatment is commenced, the better the prognosis. Early treatment reduces the severity of intellectual disability. While the ketogenic diet results in a significant improvement in symptomatic patients it is not a cure and thus has to be continued long term.
Investigation of the effects of physical education activities on motor skills and quality of life in children with intellectual disability
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Disability is considered to be a health condition that causes disorders in body functions and structures, movement limitations and problems in social participation when personal and environmental factors are evaluated (Schalock et al.2007). Intellectual disability manifests itself as significant limitations in both mental functioning and adaptive behavior, as expressed by conceptual, social and practical adaptation skills, and symptoms appear before the age of 18 (Schalock et al.2007). Approximately 1-3% of individuals worldwide have intellectual disability (Garavand et al.2018). Among those with intellectual disability (ID), physical activity and cognitive development levels are lower than those with normal development as a result of the limitation of intelligence and social compatibility (Geng et al.2019). Children with ID have disadvantages in fulfilling their duties in society (Cavanaugh 2017). Individuals diagnosed with ID are generally known to have sedentary lifestyles (Bossink et al.2017) and low physical activity levels (Bossink et al.2017; Garavand et al.2018; Collins and Staples 2017; Hsieh et al.2017; Sutherland et al.2021; Pierce and Maher 2020). Low physical activity negatively affects life expectancy and quality (Cabeza-Ruiz et al.2020). In a study conducted by Simões and Santos (2016) with 1264 individuals, it was found that with ID have lower quality of life than without ID.
Developmental Functioning of Infants and Toddlers with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Megan Callahan, Johnny L Matson, Celeste Tevis
Intellectual disability is highly comorbid with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Current estimates suggest ID occurs in approximately 40% of individuals with ASD.36 Further, research suggests ID influences the sex ratio of ASD, as it increases to 2:1 male-to-female for individuals with comorbid ASD and ID.37 Similarly, approximately 45% of individuals with CP were found to have comorbid ID.21,38 Comorbid ID is implicated in later walking, non-ambulation, hypotonic and dyskinetic CP subtypes, and epilepsy.38 On the other hand, 16% of individuals with epilepsy have comorbid ID,39 which is related to higher rates of ASD, behavioral problems, postictal psychosis, and both psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders.40 Comorbid disorders have implications in both diagnostic procedures as well as treatment plans. Assessments need to be robust in order to provide differential diagnoses, while dual diagnoses play a significant role in how to formulate treatment plans and setting realistic expectations.
Analysis of global prevalence of mental and substance use disorders within countries: focus on sociodemographic characteristics and income levels
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2022
João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Dinesh Bhugra
We found a higher prevalence of idiopathic intellectual disability in LMIC, especially in Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia. This discrepancy in developed countries may be explained by the high prevalence of environmental causes in LMIC. For example, the lack of proper perinatal and postnatal care may explain the high prevalence of intellectual disability in LMIC (Boriak et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2021). These include incidents during labour and delivery that result in newborn encephalopathy, toxic metabolic syndromes and intoxications, severe and persistent social deprivation, traumatic brain injury, demyelinating illnesses, hypoxic-ischemic injury, infections, and seizure disorders (Bilder et al., 2013; Boat & Wu, 2015; Huang et al., 2016). In many cultures, consanguineous marriages may contribute to high rates of intellectual disability. Increased risk of infections and poverty may contribute as well. Dietary variations and lack of vitamin- intake may explain some of the variations and contributions to higher rates of intellectual disability.