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Pre-Clinical Approaches and Methods on Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
S. R. Chandra, Pooja Mailankody
The relationship between subjective and objective cognitive impairment is not straightforward, and people can be categorized as group 1, where both impairments are present; group 2, where neither is present; group 3, where there is subjective impairment alone; and group 4, where there is objective impairment alone. The risk is greatest if both are present, with the next-greatest risk occurring with objective impairment alone, subjective impairment alone, and neither, in that order. Accurate risk profiling was not possible, in spite of ten years’ research. Both subjective and objective tests are important. The use of other features with SCD increases specificity and positive predictive value and decreases sensitivity and negative predictive value. In the absence of any other clinically relevant features or association with other markers, the available data are controversial with respect to the significance of SCD as a harbinger of dementia.
Therapeutic Strategies and Future Research
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
Christopher Miles of Wake Forest University explained that collaboration between military and civilian clinicians and researchers in tackling the best way to diagnose and treat concussions is crucial. Although the causes of injuries may be different, though certainly not always, the importance of being able to accurately diagnose and provide the best treatment is the same… [and that development of] an objective test that will help diagnose and guide the management of this condition [is crucial]. Current concussion tools are in use, such as the King-Devick [Mayo Clinic tool: https://kingdevick.com/products/concussion-screening/], but [what is needed is] a gold standard for concussion testing. If an imaging or a blood test similar to what we have for evaluating heart attacks were to be discovered, the evaluation and management tool could be standardized.
Psychological Testing
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
These are tests that consist of a series of unstructured ambiguous stimuli which can be perceived and responded to in many ways. Individuals are asked for a description or a story about each, thus projecting their own characteristics onto those stimuli. The best-known projective tests are the Rorschach test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Responses to projective tests reflect many aspects of an individual’s personality. These tests are relatively difficult to score and tend to be less reliable and valid than objective tests.
Developments in the assessment of non-motor disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Adriano Chiò, Antonio Canosa, Andrea Calvo, Cristina Moglia, Alessandro Cicolin, Gabriele Mora
The evaluation of sialorrhea can be performed with objective and subjective measures, but currently there are no standardized techniques [228]. The objective test methods include (a) collection cups strapped to the patient’s chin for the measurement of salivary; (b) flow radioisotope scanning; (c) direct observation of saliva lossfor example, counting the number of napkins used daily; and (d) measuring the weight of the towels or dental cotton rolls. These methods seem to be more sensitive in detecting a reduction in sialorrhea than purely subjective assessments, but on the other hand difficult to administer and time-consuming [228]. Additionally, these measures do not adequately reflect other contributing factors, such as the consistency of secretions, fluctuations during the day, impact on sleep, and above all patients’ perception and psychological components of sialorrhea. A study in patients with Parkinson’s disease reported that saliva volume measures did not correlate with symptoms of sialorrhea [229].
Are we assessing genitourinary syndrome of menopause properly?
Published in Climacteric, 2021
Regarding subjective outcomes, we must differentiate those that depend on the patient perception of the problem from those that depend on the medical subjective quantification of the problem. In the first group, the visual analog scale of GSM symptoms and different tests such as the Female Sexual Function Index or the Short Form-12, among others, are included. Second, there is controversy about whether or not some aspects of the clinical medical evaluation are subjective or objective tests. Some articles report the VHI as an objective measure, but from our point of view it is a medical subjective evaluation of the genital tract status in four out of five variables of the index (vaginal elasticity, fluid volume, epithelial integrity and moisture) and one objective variable, which is vaginal pH measurement [6].
Social insurance literacy: a scoping review on how to define and measure it
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Christian Ståhl, Elin A. Karlsson, Jan Sandqvist, Gunnel Hensing, Sandra Brouwer, Emilie Friberg, Ellen MacEachen
One of the most comprehensive measures of health literacy is the European Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU), which contains 47 items related to three domains: healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion; it includes individuals’ subjective assessment of their capabilities to access, understand, appraise and apply health information [48]. The measure is also available in two shorter formats, consisting of 16 and 6 items, respectively, developed through Rasch modeling [48]. The HLS-EU can be considered to cover functional, interactive and critical health literacy, but is limited to an individual and a subjective (i.e., self-reported) perspective. Other measures that cover similar aspects are the Japanese functional, interactive and critical health literacy scales, which have also been translated to a Swedish context [49,50]. The use of subjective versus objective measures has been discussed by Nguyen et al [47], where both have advantages and drawbacks: subjective measures are generally easier to carry out, with less cognitive effort compared to objective tests of individual capabilities; a limitation is the lack of information about whether the reported skills are related to actual skills.