China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Dissecting a Social Encounter from Three Different Perspectives
Published in Elizabeth B. Torres, Caroline Whyatt, Autism, 2017
In the context of actual human social exchange, it is truly remarkable that despite the high uncertainties of mental theories people have about others, these types of social encounters take place. If one were to be conservative about possible outcomes and try to minimize uncertainty, most such social exchanges would not happen. And yet, they do happen. Implicitly, the nervous system takes such risk, an intriguing feature that may be possible to model using the neuroeconomics framework to balance error-driven versus reward-driven decision-making processes.
Neurohype
Published in L. Syd M Johnson, Karen S. Rommelfanger, The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics, 2017
Scott O. Lilienfeld, Elizabeth Aslinger, Julia Marshall, Sally Satel
The dramatic rise in the number of these terms, which reflects the insinuation of neuroscience into a myriad of traditionally unrelated domains, is not by itself a cause for concern. For example, some of these terms describe relatively new fields, such as neuroeconomics, that are scientifically promising and are already beginning to bear scientific fruit in the form of intriguing correlations between brain activation and laboratory behavior (Loewenstein et al., 2008).
The Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Study of Appetite and Obesity
Published in Ruth B.S. Harris, Appetite and Food Intake, 2017
Selin Neseliler, Jung-Eun Han, Alain Dagher
The decision to eat is influenced by appetitive drive (hunger), but it also depends on cultural and social factors, habits (e.g., time of day), and health concerns, among others. These higher-level rules and cognitive influences depend on information integration and processing within the PFC, notably the dlPFC and Brodmann areas 9 and 46. Recently, researchers in the field of neuroeconomics have conceived of food choice as deriving from a comparison of the basic attributes of foods (taste, palatability) and the individual’s long-term goals (i.e., health, diet). This area of research mostly uses fMRI to map the neural computations that relate what, when, and how much we eat to our explicit goals and current physiological state (Hare et al., 2011; Rangel, 2013). A useful approach introduced into the fMRI literature by the Rangel group is the combination of an auction paradigm with fMRI (Plassmann et al., 2007). The auction paradigm can be used to calculate the willingness to pay for food items, which measures the current value of a food item to the individual and thereby to identify neural processes involved in value computations. As stated previously, several lines of research suggest that the current value of food cues is represented in the vmPFC. This region may not only track value, it also appears to be crucial to its computation by the brain.
Neuroethics, Neuroscience, and the Project of Human Self-Understanding
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2020
Liam G. McCoy, Connor Brenna, Felipe Morgado, Stacy Chen, Sunit Das
Biomedicine and neuroscience are both dedicated to developing our understanding of the human body and its function, with a shared interest in using knowledge to improve human life. These fields critically diverge, however, as a result of their focus of study. Questions that arise in biomedicine (and subsequently bioethics) are generally restricted to the domain of medical research and clinical action. While neuroscience has its analogues to these questions, its reach extends well beyond the confines of medical practice: the brain’s unique role in behavior engenders questions in a spectrum of fields with great societal consequence, such as neuro-politics, neuro-economics, and neuro-law (Farah 2012). Further, the place of the brain as the seat of human consciousness and phenomenological experience situates neuroscience at the center of what Chiong is referring to when describing “a broader project of human self-understanding,” irrespective of any practical implications for clinicians or researchers.
Jumps beyond the realms of cricket: India's performance in One Day Internationals and stock market movements
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2020
Konstantinos Gkillas, Rangan Gupta, Chi Keung Marco Lau, Muhammad Tahir Suleman
This is an interesting finding, since a sporting event is a noneconomic phenomenon and hence, if the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) does hold, one should not expect any impact on stock prices. However, the explanation for this observation can be drawn from neuroeconomics, whereby economists rely on the psychology literature which examines the impact of mood fluctuations on the decision making process. Formally speaking, the argument can be outlined as follows: the human brain has four lobes known as frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. The frontal lobe performs the functions of planning, cognitive control and integration of cross-brain input, while the parietal lobe governs motor action. The occipital lobe is used for visual processing, and finally, the temporal lobe controls memory, recognition and emotion. While these different parts of the brain have different functions, neurons from different areas are interconnected in order to enable the brain to respond to complex stimuli in an integrated manner. If all economic decisions were made by the frontal lobe of the brain, then all of them would conform to the rational utility maximization, however, because of the interaction between the frontal and temporal lobes, an economic decision will also depend on the emotional state of the individual. The upshot of this is that people in a good mood make optimistic judgments and choices, while the reverse happens in the state of a bad mood i.e. pessimistic judgments and choices.
Does the beauty premium effect always exist? — an ERP study of the facial attractiveness stereotype in public’s attitudes toward in-Service Chinese civil servant
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Bonai Fan, Hao Ding, Jia Jin, Menglin Zhao, Qingguo Ma
The current study only focuses on the beauty premium of male public’s attitudes toward female in-service civil services. Thus, in the study, photos of in-service civil services we used were females’ and the participants we recruited were all males. We recruited thirty male Chinese students aged 19 to 25 (M = 21.824 years, SD = 1.992 years) from Ningbo University. All participants were self-reportedly right-handed, heterosexual and had normal or corrected-to-normal vision without prior history of neurological or psychiatric illness. After the experiment, participants received 40RMB as a reward. Four subjects’ data were discarded because of excessive ERP artifacts. Thus, twenty-six valid participants were included the final analysis. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [27]. All participants provided written informed consent for their participation, and the Internal Review Board of the Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement Ningbo University approved this study.