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Current issues in understanding sexual victimization
Published in Rachel E. Lovell, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 2023
Trauma, as a term, has been used interchangeably to describe an event itself or the response to an event. The DSM defines trauma as the personal experience of a highly disturbing or damaging event (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The event must be terrible, causing serious injury or a severe threat to one's life or physical or psychological integrity. Sexual assault commonly produces trauma in victims. Sexual maltreatment can produce trauma even if the sexual abuse does not include physical contact. Finding out someone has secretly videotaped a private sexual or intimate act, being exposed to someone's penis in a nonconsensual situation, and being sexually harassed are all acts of sexual maltreatment that can produce trauma.
The Effect of Childhood Maltreatment on Brain Development
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Modified Maltreatment Classification System (rating of case records for prospective studies): English, D.J., Bangdiwala, S.I. and Runyan, D.K. (2005). The Dimensions of Maltreatment: Introduction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(5): 441–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.023Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA; retrospective measure):https://lifespantraining.org.uk/types-of-training/childhood-experience-of-care-abuse-ceca/ceca-introduction-and-background/
Safeguarding and protection of children and vulnerable adults
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
Governments and other agencies seek to protect children and adults who might be vulnerable through a process known as ‘safeguarding’ – a concept based on consent, balancing autonomy with protection from a risk of harm. Child safeguarding is not defined in law but has been described as: ‘Arrangements to take all reasonable measures to ensure that risks of harm to children's welfare are minimised.’ The key elements are: Protecting children from maltreatment.Preventing impairment of children's health or development.Ensuring that children are growing up in circumstances in which care is safe and effective.Enabling children to have optimum life chances and to enter adulthood successfully.
Child maltreatment and associated sociodemographic factors among children affected by HIV/AIDS in Ghana: a multi-informant perspective
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Child maltreatment exist in almost all cultures. Different categories of maltreatment are identified to include physical abuse, sexual abuse, exposure to domestic violence, psychological abuse and neglect. Domestic violence encompassing children witnessing parental quarrels, fights and abuses. Child maltreatment is identified as a factor that places children at risk for developmental problems (Levey et al., 2017). Chen and Gueta (2015) and Levey et al., (2017) suggested that irrespective of the form of maltreatment, it is an increased risk for health problems. Recent literature on children in general found that maltreatment is associated with heightened levels of emotional difficulties such as depression, withdrawal, anxiety and dissociation (England-Mason et al., 2017) and behavioral problems including delinquency, aggression, antisocial behaviors and conduct problems (Katsurada et al., 2017) and the development of high-risk behaviors (Carlson et al., 2015). Arslan (2017) reported higher mental health problems for children who suffer maltreatment from their parents. González et al. (2016) also observed that exposure to domestic violence is a risk factor in childhood psychopathology. Exposure to domestic violence was consistently found to predict internalizing problems in children including post-traumatic stress symptoms (Conners-Burrow et al., 2013).
Sexual Abuse as a Risk Factor for Opioid Misuse in Pregnancy
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2022
Stephanie Kors, Gretchen Kurdziel-Adams, Craig Towers, Kimberly Fortner, Jenny Macfie
Child maltreatment subtypes and dimensions were measured with the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE; Teicher & Parigger, 2015), which is 52-item questionnaire that assesses child maltreatment severity along continuous scales. Subscales for each maltreatment subtype were made up of yes/no questions. The subtypes of maltreatment used were sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Severity of each subtype is calculated either by the total number of items endorsed, which is recalibrated to a total severity level between 0 and 10 (if there were at least five) or were rescored based on linear interpolation of items endorsed (if there were less than five). The MACE has been validated using other measures of childhood trauma (Child Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ; Bernstein et al., 1994), Adverse Childhood Experiences, (ACE; Dube et al., 2003) and accounted for more variance in psychiatric symptoms than did the ACE or CTQ. The MACE was developed using item response theory and provides excellent reliability utilizing the Andersen’s Likelihood ratio test (Teicher & Parigger, 2015). In the current study, we used presence/absence and severity of each maltreatment subtype.
Commercial Sexual Exploitation, Stigma, and Trauma: A Detrimental Trio for an Altered Sense of Self
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2021
Nadine Lanctot, Mathilde Turcotte, Katherine Pascuzzo, Delphine Collin-Vezina, Catherine Laurier
Child maltreatment. Participant history of child maltreatment was assessed retrospectively at Time 6 using a French-language adaptation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 2003; Paquette et al., 2004). This 25-item questionnaire can be used to detect childhood experiences of maltreatment retrospectively with reliability and validity (Lanctôt, 2011). Five forms of maltreatment were evaluated: emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect. Each form of maltreatment was assessed with five items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1) “never true” to (5) “very often true.” Cutoff scores based on the total score for each form of maltreatment have been set by the authors of the CTQ to reflect four levels of intensity of maltreatment experiences, ranging from (1) “none or minimal” to (4) “severe to extreme.” The internal consistency of each of the scales was highly satisfactory for our sample (Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from .76 to .94). To avoid multicollinearity problems in the analyses, an index score was created reflecting the highest level of intensity reported among the different forms of maltreatment.