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Mental Health and Behavioural Issues in Children and Young People with a Learning Disability
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Chris Hardie, Chantal Holman, Becky Sparks, Catherine Thompson
The term behavioural phenotype refers to behaviours that are believed to be an integral part of certain genetic disorders. William Nyhan (1972) first formally introduced the concept in connection with the self-harming behaviours that characterise Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Flint and Yule (1993) have since provided a more thorough definition:The behavioural phenotype is a characteristic pattern of motor, cognitive, linguistic and social abnormalities which is consistently associated with a biological disorder. In some cases, the behavioural phenotype may constitute a psychiatric disorder; in others, behaviours which are not normally regarded as symptoms of psychiatric diagnosis may occur.
Education of Emotional Behavior
Published in L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydov, Silverman Robert, Educational Psychology, 2020
What novelty does emotion bring to behavior? To answer this question, it is necessary to recall the general character of behavior as sketched above. From our point of view, behavior is a process of interaction between the organism and the environment. Consequently, in this process it’s as if there were always three forms of this relationship, and that these three forms, in fact, alternate. The first case is that which occurs when the organism senses its superiority over the environment, when the goals it sets for itself and the demands placed on behavior are achieved and satisfied by the organism without any difficulty and without any strain, when behavior proceeds without any internal impediment, and optimal adaptation is accomplished with least expenditure of energy and forces. Here the organism dominates the environment.
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Behavior therapy refers to a number of therapeutic methods that are based on the principles of learning, and assume that maladaptive behaviors are learned ways of coping with stress and can be replaced by more appropriate adaptive responses through learning techniques. The achievement of insight is not a goal, and it is not necessary to ensure behavioral change in behavior therapy, e.g., a person with social phobia may overcome fears without having insight about their origin. Behavior therapies attempt to modify behaviors that are maladaptive in specific situations. The behaviors to be changed are specified, first, then the therapist and client prepare a specific treatment program, for the particular problem. Behavior therapy is usually a short duration therapy, lasting about 6–8 weeks. Behavior therapists are easy to train and training is usually cost-effective. Some of the important behavioral techniques will be described briefly.
Commentary on “Same-Sex Marriage and Common Mental Health Diagnoses: A Sibling Comparison and Adoption Approach”
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2023
The current study was not designed to find direct linkage between genes related to sexual orientation, mental illness, or their overlap. Instead, it was focused on whether common familial factors might explain part of the association between sexual orientation and mental health diagnoses. Given the long history of associating homosexuality with mental illness, articles such as this receive both praise and criticism. Part of the resistance to talking about findings from behavior genetics research, especially as it relates to stigmatized minorities, is related to fears of (re)pathologization, (re)criminalization, and the potential use as justification for “corrective” or “eugenic” interventions. On the other hand, modern behavior genetics strives to increase understanding of the interplay of genes and environment. We are always and at all times the product of our biology in interaction with our environment. Every thought we have is a neuro-chemical reaction. Dismissing the study of potential biological influence on human behavioral trait development because it might be potentially socially dangerous if misapplied, runs the risk of ignoring the potential insights that an integrated bio-psycho-social perspective might afford. Indeed, the Xu et al. study serves to underscore how research on behavioral genetics can point to the need to search for additional unmeasured factors that may help explain the mental health disparities associated with sexual orientation.
Understanding the role of genetic susceptibility (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in COVID-19
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Sherifdeen Bamidele Onigbinde, Khadijah Omoshalewa Sanusi, Noah Alaba, Aderinola H. Rasaq-Lawal, Babatunde Samuel Obadawo, Allison Olatoyosi, Saidat Omowunmi Adeniran-Obey, Victor Onwukwe, Uchenna Asogwa, Ridwan Iyanu Arinola, Seun Idowu Imani, Ayoola S. Fasawe, Ibukunoluwa Sodiya, Sherif Babatunde Adeyemi, Gaber El-Saber Batiha
Changes in single-gene DNA sequences, referred to as mutations, are responsible for hundreds of diseases. A gene can mutate in various ways, altering the protein output and rendering it incapable of performing its regular function. The most common type of gene mutation occurs when a single DNA nucleotide is altered or ‘misspelled’ [7]. Numerous mutations result from the loss (deletion) or gain (duplication or insertion) of single or multiple bases [6]. Multifactorial diseases are caused by a complex interaction of genetic, behavioral, and environmental variables. Spina Bifida, heart disease, and diabetes are all examples of these illnesses. While multifactorial conditions tend to run in families, specific mutations such as cancer can be acquired throughout a person’s lifespan [7]. Genes are involved in environmental and behavioral regulation. Changes in behavior or environment, such as food, exercise, exposure to toxic substances, or drug use, can all affect genetic features [7]
Managing shoulder pain: a meta-ethnography exploring healthcare providers’ experiences
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Christina Maxwell, Katie Robinson, Karen McCreesh
Lastly, a key theme identified within this review emphasized the importance of getting buy-in to treatment, with many HCPs acknowledging their role in selling and facilitating engagement with treatment. Although many HCPs acknowledged the importance of patient education, only one reported they evaluated patient understanding [45]. Research studies have emphasized the need to improve patient understanding and education, and the importance of evaluating its impact on behaviour change [70]. Many HCPs described exercise therapy as challenging to ‘sell’, especially if treatment involved a solely self-managed exercise programme. Similar challenges have been documented in relation to chronic low back pain, with suggestions that this may be due to a lack of patient understanding as to the relevance and benefits associated with exercise [71]. Clearly, failure to effectively communicate such benefits and adequately alleviate patient fears in relation to exercise and early post-surgical rehabilitation is likely to result in continued apprehension and a reluctance to ‘buy-in’ to this treatment.