China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Motor Neurological Examination of the Hand and Upper Limb
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Coordinated movements are dependent on many individual but connected processes.Volition: This is the ability to initiate, maintain or stop an activity or motion. In other words, the voluntary control of the movements.Perception: This is very important to integrate motor impulses and the sensory feedback. If the patient is not able to perceive or feel where his joint is, he may not be able to perform the required movement. When proprioception is affected, it is usually compensated with visual feedback.Engram: This refers to a postulated physical or biochemical change in neural tissue that represents a memory. High repetitions of precise performance must be performed in order to develop an engram. This is seen in complicated dance movements, where repeated performance will ensure perfection.
Consent in clinical research
Published in Andreas Müller, Peter Schaber, The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Consent, 2018
At the beginning of the previous section I distinguished between consent that is invalid because it is involuntary and consent that is invalid because it is impaired. Certain ways of controlling the external situation in which the subject chooses can render consent involuntary. Impaired consent occurs when the subject’s ability to recognize and respond to their external situation is distorted. There are a variety of ways in which a researcher could, intentionally or negligently, interfere with a subject’s practical reasoning about whether to participate in a study. Although attaching rewards to participation, like payment or health care, cannot as such render consent involuntary, it may interfere with the exercise of subjects’ cognitive capacities by blinding them to the risks of the study or their volitional capacities by tempting them into consenting against their better judgment (Wertheimer 2011: 150).7 Similarly, the fact that an addict’s drug of choice is administered in the study, though not intended as an inducement, could interfere with the exercise of the addict’s volitional capacities. (See Walker (2008) for a strategy to obtain consent from addicts that circumvents this problem.) Even making use of the fact that subjects have a hard time saying no to doctors – the so-called “white-coat effect” – could impair the subject’s practical reasoning by injecting an irrelevant consideration into their deliberations (Mandava & Millum 2013).
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The patient underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment in 2003. Memory was evaluated using the Wechsler Memory Scale.44 His learning capacity skills were tested using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. This patient showed impairment, particularly in immediate working memory. His scores were two standard deviations below the norm and his learning curve I–V was very flat: trial I = 3, II = 5, III = 8, IV = 8, and V = 8. Such low scores probably reflect, at least partly, the effort invested in performing the tests rather than true cognitive abilities. Lack of volition is regarded as a “negative sign” of schizophrenia and frontal subdominant organic brain damage, as well as a clinical feature of depression. His physicians and close family members have reported a slight improvement in his memory since then.
A measurement of self-determination for people with intellectual disability: description of the AUTODDIS scale and evidences of reliability and external validity
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Miguel Angel Verdugo, Eva Vicente, Verónica Marina Guillén, Sergio Sánchez, Alba Ibáñez, Laura Elisabet Gómez
Causal Agency Theory (Shogren et al. 2015b) describes three essential characteristics of self-determined actions (volitional action; agentic action; and action-control beliefs) and seven associated component constructs. Volitional action involves intentional and conscious decision-making based on personal preferences, and includes the component constructs of self-initiation and autonomy. Agentic actions imply adjusting one’s own actions by directing them toward the achievement of goals and overcoming obstacles as they occur, and comprise the component constructs of self-direction, self-regulation and pathways thinking. Finally, action-control beliefs refer to recognizing one’s own abilities and beliefs needed to reach goals, involving control-expectancies and acting with self-realization and empowerment.
Investigating the effects of stimulus duration and inter-stimulus interval parameters on P300 based BCI application performance
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Onder Aydemir, Kubra Saka, Mehmet Ozturk
People benefit from a variety of tools to communicate with machines: keyboards, mouse, joysticks, touch-sensitive surfaces (touch screens for the touch screen to navigate through laptop computers, special gloves, microphones etc.). All these command-issuing tools are based on the assumption that the user can control the muscle system. However, this may not always be the case because of diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), one of the motor neuron diseases, that affects thousands of people and prevents the volitional act (Sang et al. 2019; Aliakbaryhosseinabadi et al. 2021). ALS attacks the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord and in a short time the patient becomes unable to move any muscle. It is known that diseases such as brain trauma, brain or spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis also affect many patients. The brain-computer interface (BCI) can be the first step in this respect to communicate with electronic devices without using the muscle system. It is a very important technological development in terms of being able to shed light on the lives of paralyzed patients (Hochberg et al. 2006; Chopra et al. 2017; Yu et al. 2021). Briefly, the BCI makes it possible for people to use a computer, an electromechanical arm or various neuroprosthesis without using muscle system, in other words, the motor neuron system (Zhang and Li 2017).
The Understudied Side of Contemplation: Words, Images, and Intentions in a Syncretic Spiritual Practice
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2020
Michael Lifshitz, Joshua Brahinsky, T. M. Luhrmann
The practice of affirmations can also be understood as a form of self-suggestion. Suggestions are communicable ideas that generate expectancies for involuntary changes in experience or behavior (Halligan & Oakley, 2014). The scientific literatures on hypnosis, mindset, and placebo effects show that marinating the mind in a specific idea can lead to profound changes in subjective experience, brain function, and behavior (Dweck, 2008; Finniss, Kaptchuk, Miller, & Benedetti, 2010; Terhune, Cleeremans, Raz, & Lynn, 2017). Suggestions have been shown to modulate highly automatic and even unconscious processes that are normally immune to volitional control (Lifshitz, Bonn, Fischer, Kashem, & Raz, 2013). In this respect, it is interesting to note that ITP affirmations are usually formulated in terms of changes that the practitioner can make to their own inner landscape or behavior, rather than changes that might come to pass in the external world. Suggestion and placebo effects may play an important role in bringing about these internal changes. It would be interesting to examine the extent to which individual differences in suggestibility may mediate the beneficial impact of affirmations. Of note, responses to suggestions are typically experienced as effortless and involuntary, without a sense of conscious effort (except the effort to tell oneself the suggestion in the case of self-suggestion). This sense of involuntariness aligns with the descriptions of focused surrender, or grace, that ITP practitioners connect to their practice of affirmations.