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Obstruction of the Respiratory Orifices, Larynx, Trachea and Bronchia
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Isolated fatalities have been reported, which may apparently be attributed to a failure of the pressure control system in aircraft. In the event of a sudden drop in cabin pressure at an altitude of approximately 10,700 m, the passengers are only capable of self-rescue for 30−60 seconds. Incapacitation and subsequent loss of consciousness may occur within a very short time. Asphyxiation takes place immediately afterwards [18].
Burns
Published in Kenneth D Boffard, Manual of Definitive Surgical Trauma Care: Incorporating Definitive Anaesthetic Trauma Care, 2019
Cardiac arrhythmias can result. Loss of consciousness is a prime indicator of this. A 12 lead ECG, a rhythm strip, cardiac-specific troponin levels are the minimum investigations. If normal and no loss of consciousness, no further cardiac specific investigation or management is needed. Otherwise, cardiac monitoring, echocardiography, and cardiology input are indicated.
Less Lethal Weapons, Not Including Taser
Published in Darrell L. Ross, Gary M. Vilke, Guidelines for Investigating Officer-Involved Shootings, Arrest-Related Deaths, and Deaths in Custody, 2018
Christian Sloane, Gary M. Vilke
The type of firing device and projectile size needs to be determined. Additionally, the distance from muzzle to subject allows one to assess the degree of kinetic energy that possibly struck the subject. All locations of impact on the body need to be noted. Photographs should be taken of all impact sites. If there is a reported loss of consciousness, duration, and circumstances should be noted. Any strike to the chest followed by an immediate loss of consciousness should raise concern for a commotio cordis type event. Results of any imaging tests are important, as internal injury caused by the device, though rare, must be documented. Interestingly, as noted in the de Freminville et al. (2011) report, there was no correlation between soft and bone tissue observed lesions and impact velocity (correlated to distance range). So while photos and injury need to be noted, conclusions can be difficult to draw and every area struck by the projectile should be fully evaluated.
The neuropsychological outcomes of non-fatal strangulation in domestic and sexual violence: A systematic review
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Helen Bichard, Christopher Byrne, Christopher W. N. Saville, Rudi Coetzer
Our systematic literature search identified 30 empirical, peer-reviewed studies which documented the outcomes of non-fatal strangulation in IPV and sexual assault. Almost all victims were female. Severe, life-threatening injuries were reported, including stroke, arterial dissection, and symptoms of hypoxia and venous congestion. Clinical outcomes included loss of consciousness, changes to vision and voice, motor difficulties, and sensory loss. Psychological outcomes indicated profound trauma reactions, including acute and chronic fear, PTSD, dissociation, depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Fewer studies reported on cognitive and behavioural changes. Those that did highlighted memory loss, executive difficulties, aggression towards the attacker, and lack of help-seeking. There were no studies conducted from a neuropsychological perspective: the majority of studies found in our search were hospital-based case reports, or retrospective analyses of police and legal records. As such, they tended to focus on acute physical and visible injury. Moreover, few of the studies attempted to control for possible confounds, including other physical violence, or existing mental health difficulties.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation–induced consciousness
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Raman P. Singh, Soumya Adhikari, David Landsberg, Viren Kaul
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a combination of interventions performed to provide blood and oxygen to the brain during cardiac arrest. The most important component of these interventions is chest compressions, and we use CPR interchangeably with compressions in the current text. While the vast majority of cardiac arrests are associated with loss of consciousness, there are reports noting individuals to be conscious while undergoing CPR.1 Guidelines and literature emphasize the fundamental role of high-quality CPR, and it is imperative that interruptions in compressions be minimized. However, when an individual undergoing CPR demonstrates consciousness, it can cause confusion and psychological stress for health care professionals which may, in turn, interfere with resuscitation efforts.
Spinal cord stimulation modulates complexity of neural activities in patients with disorders of consciousness
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Yong Wang, Yang Bai, Xiaoyu Xia, Yi Yang, Jianghong He, Xiaoli Li
Disorders of consciousness (DOC) refers to complete or partial loss of consciousness caused by severe brain injury [1, 2]. It mainly includes vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) [3–5]. Patients in MCS usually show more consciousness-related behaviors than those in VS/UWS, such as visual pursuit, localization of noxious stimulation, simple emotional responses to external stimuli and command-following behaviors. The JFK Coma Recovery Scale (CRS-R) score assesses behavioral responsiveness related to awareness in DOC patients, and is based on behavioral responses to stimulations [6]. Clinically, accurate diagnosis is necessary for effective treatment in DOC patients. In general, although patients in MCS are more likely to benefit from active treatment, effective treatments for DOC remain limited [7]. Recently, neuroscientists and clinicians have focused increased attention on the treatment and rehabilitation of these patients. New therapeutic interventions have been developed, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Spinal cord stimulation(SCS) is a valuable technique for the rehabilitation of DOC patients because it is a simpler, less-invasive surgical procedure than deep brain stimulation(DBS) [8, 9].