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Of brain and bone: The unusual case of Dr. A
Published in Howard J. Rosen, Robert W. Levenson, Neurocase, 2020
J. Narvid, M. L. Gorno-Tempini, A. Slavotinek, S. J. DeArmond, Y. H. Cha, B. L. Miller, K. Rankin
To assess Dr. A’s empathic ability, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) questionnaire was given to the patient’s wife. She was asked to describe his degree of empathy within many domains (perspective taking and fantasy, both considered to be ‘cognitive’ elements of empathy; empathic concern, and personal distress, both considered to be ‘emotional’ elements). Dr. A’s wife suggested that he was much less likely to spontaneously take other people’s perspective or to project himself into fictional situations such as movies or books, and he showed much less emotional responsiveness or ‘empathic concern’ than he had pre-morbidly. Dr. A’s significant loss of both emotional and cognitive elements of empathy is consistent with the damage to his right dorsome-dial frontal, right orbitofrontal, and right temporal polar areas.
Rehabilitation of Social Cognition Disorders
Published in Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Two commonly used self-report measures of empathy with normative data are the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) (Mehrabian, 2000) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Davis, 1983). The BEES is a reliable and valid 30-item measure of emotional empathy (i.e. the ability to experience the feelings expressed by others). Responses are made on a 9-point Likert scale, ranging from ‘very strong disagreement’ to ‘very strong agreement’. The IRI is also reliable and valid, comprising 28 items that assess both emotional empathy and cognitive empathy (i.e. the ability to adopt another person's point of view). An alternative scale measuring both the affective and cognitive dimensions of empathy is the 40-item Empathy Quotient scale (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), which has adequate psychometric properties and is able to discriminate individuals with TBI from normal controls.
Context and Mood Effects in Interpreting Ambiguous Facial Expressions
Published in Psychiatry, 2023
Marco Kramer, Christine Heinisch, Patrick Baumgart, Martin Brüne, Georg Juckel
A series of explorative paired Wilcoxon tests revealed that emotional contexts affected the classification of ambiguous facial expressions. Results were most concise in a highly salient context suggesting disgust (a picture of maggots), which led to a significantly more frequent classification of disgust than all other emotions. Regarding the other emotional contexts except for contexts suggesting happiness, participants significantly more frequently classified the emotion suggested by the context than most other emotions. Across all emotional conditions, participants more frequently classified emotions of negative valence (fear, anger, sadness, disgust). In the original context, faces were instead classified predominantly as happy, followed by surprise. Bivariate Spearman correlational analyses between the self-reported information and emotional classifications revealed that the participants’ subjective use of contextual but not facial information, the irritability and fear experience subscales of the mood questionnaire (Eigenschaftswörterliste/EWL-K, Janke & Debus, 1978) and the distress scale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, Paulus, 2009) were positively correlated with the number of context-matching and thus predominantly negative emotion classifications (rs from .354 to .401).
Theory of Mind and Suicidality: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2022
Bridget A. Nestor, Susanna Sutherland
Eligible studies used various measures of ToM. We determined measures and items from measures to be eligible if they assessed, through task or self-report, the ability to understand the thoughts or feelings of others. Based on this criteria, the following measures were included: Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001), Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC; Dziobek et al., 2006), False Belief tests (e.g., see Sullivan & Winner, 1993), relevant items from the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS; Westen, 1991), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ; Fonagy et al., 2016), and relevant items from an empathic accuracy task (Brook & Kosson, 2013; see Harenski et al., 2017), and perspective-taking questionnaires (i.e., Interpersonal Reactivity Index-Perspective Taking; IRI-PT; Davis, 1983). In cases of multiple eligible measures, the more widely-used measure, per our literature review, was selected for analysis (e.g., if a study used the RMET and a lesser known ToM task, we used data from the RMET).
Do Prisoners Mentalize Differently? Investigating Attachment and Reflective Functioning in a Sample of Incarcerated Lebanese Men
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2020
Rudy Abi-Habib, Nourhane Wehbe, Karim Badr, Pia Tohme
The first hypothesis pinpointed a positive correlation between high mentalizing and similar measures such as empathy and emotion regulation, and a negative correlation between high mentalizing and attachment avoidance and anxiety. Correlations between the two RFQ subscales and empathy, measured by the Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), revealed a significant correlation between RFQu and Empathic Concern solely, with r(162) = −.16, p = .04. Correlations between RFQ subscale scores and the two emotion regulation strategy scores, Cognitive Appraisal and Expressive Suppression, revealed weak to moderate significant correlations between r(163) = −.30, p < .001 and r(163) = .48, p < .001 (Table 2).