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Medical imaging and the intrusive gaze
Published in Lesa Scholl, Medicine, Health and Being Human, 2018
In addition to studies of interpretive error, some researchers have explored the results of omitting or adding elements to images to determine professional perception. In a 2006 American study, radiologists were asked to separate 60 chest X-rays into two piles: normal and abnormal. Unbeknownst to the participants, some films were duplicated; surprisingly, 5 per cent to 30 per cent of the time, radiologists placed one image in the normal pile and its twin image in the abnormal pile. Also included in the set was one X-ray in which the left clavicle was obviously missing; 58 per cent to 60 per cent of the radiologists classified the X-ray as normal (Potchen 2006). Even professionals trained to critically view such images often miss or dismiss the unexpected. The results of inattentional blindness are unclear for patients, but they must be considered.
Stress, Perceptual Distortions, and Human Performance
Published in Darrell L. Ross, Gary M. Vilke, Guidelines for Investigating Officer-Involved Shootings, Arrest-Related Deaths, and Deaths in Custody, 2018
Darrell L. Ross, Randall L. Murphy
Moreover, high levels of arousal can affect attention, and when combined with the flood of cortisol, memory impairment may occur. As discussed earlier, as the visual system narrows to attend to the perceived threat, vision is focused on the threat and the brain filters out information deemed unimportant for survival (Shomstein & Yantis, 2004). Inattentional blindness can commonly occur across the senses, but when affecting vision, the brain will subconsciously suppress all other information, failing to encode a concrete memory of the situation. The brain selectively excludes peripheral information in order to give full attention to the immediacy of the threat. The officer's perception and memory of the event are significantly influenced more by what the focus of the attention was prior to and during the encounter. Gray (2004) found that the more the focus is on something during high stress, the less likely the person is able to recall peripheral information which occurred during the event.
Glossary
Published in Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh, Diagnosis, 2017
Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh
inattentional blindness: a form of perceptual blindness that occurs when individuals focus on one task and fail to see an unrelated object that would otherwise appear obvious. This phenomenon wa s famously demonstrated in an Internet video when people who were focused on passing a basketball around a circle were asked to count the number of times people with white shirts touched the ball; many failed to notice a gorilla (or rather, a person in a gorilla suit) pass right by them. This phenomenon was also demonstrated by Etam et al. when they placed an object of a gorilla in a CT done to detect pulmonary nodules; radiologists focusing on the search for a nodule failed to see the artifact. People are strangely unaware of this perceptional blindness of objects around them when focused on another task, such as driving while texting.
Understanding and developing procedures for video-based assessment in medical education
Published in Medical Teacher, 2020
Peter Yeates, Alice Moult, Janet Lefroy, Jacqualyn Walsh-House, Lorraine Clews, Robert McKinley, Richard Fuller
Our concern that students’ performance might be impeded by the presence of video cameras was only occasionally realised. Students attributed their limited awareness of video cameras to focusing their attention on the assessment task. This may be an example of ‘inattentional blindness’ (Simons and Chabris 1999) in which people fail to perceive a clearly visible object (for example a gorilla walking amongst people playing basketball (Simons 2010)) due to actively focusing on something they consider important. As a result, video cameras may be less intrusive than anticipated, as long as students are actively focused on a task. Nonetheless, the fact that cameras occasionally caused students to freeze underscores the importance of mitigating this risk by careful camera placement.
Is ‘invisible gorilla’ self-reportedly measurable? Development and validation of a new questionnaire for measuring cognitive unsafe behaviors of front-line industrial workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Mahnaz Shakerian, Alireza Choobineh, Mehdi Jahangiri, Jafar Hasanzadeh, Mohammad Nami
Mental workload or cognitive load is considered to be the human mental effort or mindfulness that is necessary for performing a task [21]. When placing too much attention on a single task, an individual will have less ability to consider other stimuli. A known example is talking on the telephone while driving, through which a driver’s attention is dominantly focused on the phone conversation that may contribute to more accidents [22]. If a task requires too much attention, therefore, people are likely to be in danger of inattentional blindness, which is a psychological lack of attention where a person fails to recognize stimuli [23].
Are there differences in the attention of elite football players concerning playing positions?
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2022
L. Moreira, L.F. Malloy-Diniz, G.S. Pinheiro, V.T. Costa
The fact that players from different playing positions present different technical (Gai et al. 2019), tactical (Memmert et al. 2017; Rechenchosky et al., 2017), and physical (Abbott et al. 2018) characteristics are well accepted in the literature. However, few studies have specifically investigated the relationship between playing positions and attentional patterns in football (Schumacher et al. 2018; Beavan et al. 2020; Klatt and Nerb 2021). Schumacher et al. (2018) compared the sustained attention, reaction time, and response accuracy according to the playing positions (goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders, and forwards) of 178 male players, age between 10 and 33 years. Those authors found significant differences only in reaction time, with the midfielders showing higher response speed when compared to the defenders. A different result was found by Beavan et al. (2020), who followed 343 footballers, age 10 to 34, over three seasons in German football. It was assessed the contribution of chronological age, years of experience, and position in the performance of executive function measures, including attention and reaction time. Distinctly from age and experience, the playing position did not influence the performance of executive functions. Klatt and Nerb (2021) assessed differences in inattentional blindness (Mack 2003). in players (from different playing positions) from the ninth to the fifth division of the German football. It was found that inattentional blindness effects were less prevalent amongst players in offensive positions (e.g., forwards) than amongst players playing in defensive positions (e.g., defenders). Regarding the attention variable, it is likely that the differences in results found in the studies mentioned above occurred due to the heterogeneity of the sample.