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Predicting Treatment Adherence: an Overview of Theoretical Models
Published in Lynn B. Myers, Kenny Midence, Adherence to Treatment in Medical Conditions, 2020
The available evidence supports the notion that our understanding of adherence may be enhanced by examining patients own ideas about their illness and treatment, and suggests that the cognitive variables specified in the HBM may be prerequisites of adherence in some situations. However, other cognitions are also likely to be salient. One limitation of the HBM is that it simplifies health-related cognitions into broad constructs such as “barriers” and “benefits”, without specifying the beliefs underlying these constructs. A more detailed investigation of how individuals conceptualise these constructs may provide a fuller understanding of adherence decisions (Home, 1997; Home and Weinman, 1994). A further limitation of the HBM is that it fails to include an intention stage between beliefs and behaviour and does not specify the relationship between social factors, such as the desire for others approval, on health-related behaviour (Sheeran and Abraham, 1996).
Transition to motherhood
Published in Alison Brodrick, Emma Williamson, Listening to Women After Childbirth, 2020
Alison Brodrick, Emma Williamson
Research tells us that the emotional content of an experience influences the way it is remembered (for example, see Hostler et al, 2018). The field of cognitive psychology has established that there are various types of memory systems within the brain, and emotion has the potential to interact with memory at every stage. During an experience, emotion will guide a person to direct their attention to salient aspects of what is going on. A woman in childbirth who is already feeling scared that something is wrong with her baby may therefore be focusing her attention more strongly on stimuli such as the sound of the heartbeat on the monitor, or the facial expressions of the health professionals in the room as she searches for clues as to what is going on. These stimuli are then more likely to be encoded into her memory and become more vivid parts of what she recalls about the experience. In contrast, a woman who is feeling relaxed is more likely to be attending to positive aspects of the experience, such as the supportive gestures of her partner, or the friendly warm manner of the midwife, and these become more encoded into her memory, influencing her remembering of the event in a positive way.
Social Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
An accessible schema is more quickly activated and used in a particular situation. Two cognitive processes can increase the accessibility of schemas: salience and priming. Salience is the degree to which a particular social object stands out relative to other social objects in a situation. The higher the salience of an object, the more likely the schema for that object will be made accessible, e.g., if there is one female in a group of seven males, female gender schemas may be more accessible and influence the group’s thinking and behavior toward the female group member. Priming refers to situational contexts that immediately precede a situation and cause a schema to be more accessible, e.g., watching a scary movie late at night might increase the accessibility of frightening schemas, increasing the likelihood that a person will perceive shadows and background noises as potential threats.
Community-based rehabilitation for adults with cognitive-communication disorders following traumatic brain injury: A mixed methods investigation
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Crystal Kelly, Petrea Cornwell, Anna Copley, Ronelle Hewetson
The findings from this study provide a snapshot of current practices employed by a range of services across Australia and New Zealand. Many of the core elements of these services align with the ICF model, as well as other evidence-based research in the field (13), particularly the INCOG cognitive-communication guidelines (25,34). Speech pathologists working with this clinical population should consider ways in which their services can be enhanced to meet the needs of their clients and ensure evidence-based practice. This includes conducting therapy in client-centered environments such as their home, workplace, and community settings including coffee shops and recreation facilities. Clinicians should strive to deliver therapy that is tailored to each of their clients’ needs with a functional focus and implementation of salient therapy tasks. Speech pathologists may find it helpful to complete an informal questionnaire with their clients to explore information specific to them (e.g., interests, hobbies) to assist with planning therapy tasks and materials. Group therapy should also be offered particularly when targeting social communication skills. Finally, the participants in this study highlighted the importance of including significant others in therapy as well as providing communication partner training. Clinicians could also consider meeting with significant others before the commencement of therapy blocks to discuss the importance of significant other inclusion and plan the program to support this and accommodate their schedule where possible.
Physicians’ and Patients’ Ratings of the Physician-Patient Working Alliance, Adherence, Satisfaction, and Treatment Outcome
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2022
Arielle Toporovsky, Jairo N. Fuertes, Michael T. Moore, Prachi Anand, Francis Chalas Hungria
These findings are even more salient in today’s healthcare market, as insurance companies are relying more on patient satisfaction ratings as a model for reimbursement to providers and hospitals.31,32 Thus, patient satisfaction is no longer just an aspirational outcome to strive for; it is now a high-stakes assessment that is directly tied to hospital finances. Relatedly, with healthcare budget cuts increasing and healthcare reform evolving, it becomes crucial to identify ways to improve both the PPWA, as well as ways to enhance patient adherence and both patient and physician satisfaction with treatment. These evolving changes in healthcare have increased pressure on providers to maintain higher caseloads of patients, created a more competitive administrative and financial market, and added stress to providers who are at increased risk to experience workplace dissatisfaction and even burnout, which inevitably impacts patient care.33 The relevance of psychological and behavioral indices of quality interactions in medical health care, which can include the working alliance, adherence, and satisfaction, appear to be as important as ever.
Associations of practical, emotional, and physical problems with psychosocial distress among cancer patients
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2022
Mark William Flanagan, Heather H. Goltz, John W. Henson, Matthew Lee Smith
And finally, while this study identified a positive relationship between distress and problems, as well as factors associated with moderate/severe distress scores, it did not specifically focus on patients with moderate/severe distress scale scores (i.e., scores of 4–10). Future studies should isolate patients with clinically significant distress to identify salient disease characteristics and problems encountered. Such analyses may reveal the unique needs of highly distressed cancer patients and assist in the development of (and referral to) appropriate and timely psychosocial interventions. Study findings can inform cancer centers and practitioners about how to better anticipate patient needs, make referrals, and direct limited resources. Addressing barriers to accessing and navigating cancer care may aid overall efforts to reduce disparities in cancer outcomes for vulnerable groups and the medically underserved.36