China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
A Conceptual History of Anxiety and Depression
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
In cases of an excess of natural black bile, the characteristics of the melancholic temperament became more prominent. In such patients, mediation gave way to brooding. Their previously sincere and caring attitude toward life plunged into one of anxiety and gloom. Those afflicted would stare at a single point, be incommunicative, and avoid all contact. Beek, whose Waanzin in de Middeleeuwen (Madness in the Middle Ages) is, unfortunately, not available in an English translation, summarizes the writings of many authors as follows: An excess of melancholic humor, which is thick and sediment-like, imparts a red color to the head. The patient also experiences a feeling of heavy-headedness. He tastes a bitter-sweet taste, the sediment of the humor. The pulse is weak and the veins full. The urine is thick and red-colored [36,37].
Amifampridine tablets for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Overall side effects in the course of the different clinical trials have been negligible and were dependent on the mechanism of action of 3,4-DAP, i.e. the block of K channels at the presynaptic level. No serious adverse events have been reported. Out of the RCTs reported in Tables 1 and 2 the most frequent side effect has been perioral and acral paresthesias which recurred in all trials, the second most frequent was headlightness or heavy headedness; in 2 trials patients experienced epigastric distress or difficulties in sleeping; the following side effects were reported in a single trial: abnormal hematological test, fatigue, high blood pressure, subjective shortness of breath, frequent urination, epilepsy, erythema, s.c. abscess and upper respiratory infection. In these RCTs the frequency of side effects was higher in the placebo arms, though parestesias were mainly in the active drug. It is worth pointing out that parestesias were frequently reported since the first ever report on the use of 3,4-DAP [11]. In consideration of the mechanism of action of 3,4-DAP, it is also important to stress that no EKG and EEG alterations have been observed and that epilepsy occurred in only in one patient. From the literature data, it is not possible to deduce whether any correlation does exist between side effects occurrence and dosing of 3,4-DAP.
Avoiding hindsight in non-obviousness determination: case law review of pharmaceutical patents and guidance from the KSR v Teleflex decision
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
The District Court examined the properties of the three prior art compounds provided by Otsuka and found that i) the prior art compound, i.e., (7-[4-(4-phenylpiperazinyl)-butoxy]-3, 4-dihydrocarbostyril) was buried in hundreds of examples that might be useful for central nervous system controlling properties, and the prior art did not provide any suggestion to narrow the examples to Aripiprazole [30] ii) the compound i.e. (7-{3-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propoxy}- 3,4-dihydrocarbostyril) was amongst nine trillion compounds claimed in the prior art, with a ‘laundry list’ of potential central nervous system controlling properties and was less potent than other structurally similar compounds [31] .The prior art compound OPC-4392 was the only prior art compound belonging to the carbostyril chemical class and was found to possess potential antipsychotic activity. This prior art compound was developed by Otsuka itself [32].Other prior art publications revealed that i) the prior art compound OPC-4392 did not possess strong anti-psychotic action, however improvements were observed in the negative symptoms, ii) although OPC-4392 was observed to possess fewer side effects than conventional drugs of the same class, it was found that subjects receiving OPC-4392 experienced sleeplessness, weakness, heavy headedness, lack of motivation, and disturbed concentration due to which they could not perform routine work. The District Court also held that apart from these structurally similar compounds, at the time of the invention, there existed other potentially active anti-psychotic compounds such as clozapine and Risperidone which could have served as the starting compound for further development.
Chronic subjective dizziness among an aging population is associated with amyloid positron emission tomography and neuropsychiatric symptoms
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2022
Chronic subjective dizziness (CSD) is among the most common complaint in ageing adults. CSD is a persistent (duration of ≥3 months) sensation of non-vertiginous dizziness, light-headedness, heavy-headedness, or subjective imbalance present on most days. CSD is a potentially disabling disorder that has a distinct impact on participation, psychosocial interaction, quality of life, risk of falling, and development of medical illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairments [1,2].