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Description of Research Variables for Ergogenic Aids Studies
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
The placebo effect is but one manifestation of the Hawthorne effect, which is a change in performance attributable to the subject’s knowledge of simply being involved in a study, regardless of whether or not the subject received anything. Bias of results from expectations of the researcher is known as a halo effect. For these reasons, a study design called double-blind placebo-controlled has been accepted as the optimal design for studies of ergogenic aids. In these studies, neither the investigator nor the subject knows the identity of the test compound. Comparison of the placebo group to a control group receiving no aids will further strengthen the design.
Paper 1: Answers
Published in Sabina Burza, Beata Mougey, Srinivas Perecherla, Nakul Talwar, Practice Examination Papers for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Sabina Burza, Beata Mougey, Srinivas Perecherla, Nakul Talwar
False. The halo effect occurs when a person’s positive or negative traits seem to ‘spill over’ from one area of their personality. It allows us to guess what people are like when we have only very limited information about them. (1: p.332)
Revalidation for clinical general practice
Published in Harrison Jamie, Rob Innes, Tim van Zwanenberg, Sir Denis Pereira Gray, The New GP Changing roles and the modern NHS, 2018
The last and most difficult issue is the extent to which the process results in assessment of the practice as opposed to assessment of the individual doctor. All of the evidence for revalidation will be personal to that doctor, and it is the one doctor who is being revalidated. However, there is the possibility that a halo effect might artificially enhance the performance of a poorly performing doctor who happened to be working in a very good practice. There are no easy answers to this problem, but over time revalidation will need to become sensitive enough to address it.
Feasibility study on the use of the modified Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in South African context: a case of home-based carers
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2023
TM Mothiba, MH Mphasha, TT Molepo, H Bastiaens, J Wens
In this study, a FINDRISC tool was adopted, modified and used to describe the competence of HBCs in assessing the risk status of people living with diabetes. Reliability was guaranteed by piloting the tool at clinics near Dikgale using HBCs, which yielded no changes. The results of the pilot study were/are not included in main study. Content validity was ensured through supervisors and use of a literature review. The modified FINDRISC tool had seven sections, which included biographic data, BMI, WC, physical activity, diet, taking of hypertension and diabetes medication, and presence of illnesses. Appointments with the HBCs were made through their coordinators and the operational managers of the clinics. The HBCs were scored on use of the FINDRISC tool after the HBCs had demonstrated all sections of the risk assessment tool. This was done for assessing the HBCs’ competency level on the use of the FINDRISC tool. The HBCs were to score the patient on the adopted FINDRISC tool based on how they have adopted the FINDRISC tool. All variables on the adapted tool are dependent on each other, which implies that all variables should be done correctly. The researchers were used to assess or rate the HBCs. Halo-effect bias, which could occur during the rating process, was minimised through debiasing to confirm that researchers were rational and adhering to the assessment tool.
Pairing students on the wards: The effect on the clerkship learning environment
Published in Medical Teacher, 2022
Krishan K. Sharma, Eli M. Miloslavsky
First, in order to enhance collaboration and reduce competition, student concern that pairing impacts evaluation should be addressed. Substantial variability exists among clinical evaluators with respect to the reliability, accuracy, and validity of assessments made when directly observing trainees (McGill et al. 2013; Kogan et al. 2014; Schott et al. 2015). Moreover, the halo effect and multiple other biases have been described affecting how a given individual may be evaluated (Cockayne and Samuelson 1978; Thomas et al. 2011). If two students in a given pair are of different performance levels, students may be reluctant to be evaluated by the same medical team due to fear of comparison (Asprey 2010), a finding corroborated by our study. Evaluators should receive training to be made better aware of their own implicit cognitive biases, including contrast and grouping biases. We are currently conducting a study to determine whether pairing impacts clerkship grading in the medicine sub-internship, which may shed further light on whether student perception that pairing affects evaluation is corroborated by real-world data. For medical schools that do not have clerkship grades, pairing may be a particularly useful strategy since student competition may be reduced (Rohe et al. 2006; White and Fantone 2010; Spring et al. 2011).
Can changes to improve person-centred maternity care be spread across public health facilities in Uttar Pradesh, India?
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2021
May Sudhinaraset, Katie Giessler, Michelle Kao Nakphong, Kali Prosad Roy, Ananta Basudev Sahu, Kovid Sharma, Dominic Montagu, Cathy Green
Because the overall PCMC score also significantly increased by 27 points, this indicates that improvements were made in many aspects of person-centred care, well beyond the indicators and behaviours that were targeted by the QI intervention. This “halo” effect indicates that improvements in targeted aspects of patient experience may have led to changes in non-targeted aspects of patient experience, either because positive experiences in targeted areas of care left patients better disposed to appreciate non-targeted areas of care, or because when providers changed the way they approach and treat patients in some areas of care, this changed approach also influenced and improved other aspects of care that they provided. These findings are significant given other large-scale clinical quality improvement initiatives in Uttar Pradesh that find that high costs and sustained investments are critical to ensuring changes in clinical and non-clinical staff practices.27 This study provides evidence that a light-touch, spread approach may improve outcomes beyond PCMC outcomes if appropriate strategies are identified in similar facilities.