China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Deception and the Systemic Problem of Substance Abuse
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
Natural opioid derivatives are obtained from the opium poppy. The native range of opium poppy is the Eastern Mediterranean, but it is grown and cultivated worldwide in botanically inviting temperate climates. Naturally occurring alkaloids from the opium poppy are used in raw form or are extracted to produce synthetic opioids. Heroin is one alkaloid form of opioid. Heroin is highly addictive because of its intense psychogenic properties of inducing euphoria. Heroin is a controlled substance; it is illegal in most developed countries, and it is a prime, potent substance of addiction. Illegal heroin eventually becomes street available and prolifically so. Presently, Mexico is a major source of illicit heroin making its way into the United States (see www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/docs/DIR-040-17_2017-NDTA.pdf).
Is caffeine a drug of dependence? criteria and comparisons
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Stephen J. Heishman, Jack E. Henningfield
Drug-induced euphoria has been postulated as a predictor of a drug’s reinforcing effects and its dependence potential.74,75 As discussed, caffeine typically produces positive mood changes at low to intermediate doses (50 to 300 mg), whereas doses in the 300 to 500 mg range can produce positive or negative subjective effects. The ability of caffeine to produce euphoria and dysphoria in the same dosage range may function to limit caffeine’s dependence potential. Some studies have shown that caffeine at low to intermediate doses increased ratings of drug “liking” and scores on the MBG scale, two subjective measures of drugs of dependence.11,33,34 However, these positive mood effects of caffeine are typically less reliably observed and of lesser magnitude than those reported for known drugs of dependence, such as d-amphetamine.
Central nervous system depressants
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Heroin may be smoked, inhaled or heated on foil and its fumes inhaled, which is often referred to as ‘chasing the dragon’. The short-term effects include a rapid onset of euphoria with a sensation of heavy extremities. The user is likely to, then, experience alternating wakeful and drowsy states. Heroin is a central nervous system depressant and has effects on reaction times and ability to concentrate. Oxycodone has similar effects to heroin and can be used orally, snorted or injected. In ICD-10, diagnosis of Acute Intoxication due to use of opioids requires the presence of dysfunctional behaviour as evidenced by at least one symptom and at least one physical sign (WHO, 1993). In DSM-5, diagnosis of Opioid Intoxication requires the presence of clinically significant problematic behavioural or psychological changes and the presence of pupillary constriction (or pupillary dilation) and at least one from a list of three other signs or symptoms, which include drowsiness or coma, slurred speech, and impairment in attention or memory (American Psychiatric Association and American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force, 2013).
“A little shiny gender breakthrough”: Community understandings of gender euphoria
Published in International Journal of Transgender Health, 2022
Will J. Beischel, Stéphanie E. M. Gauvin, Sari M. van Anders
What kinds of experiences might we expect to be gender euphoric? As gender dysphoric experiences can be bodily and/or social (Erickson-Schroth, 2014; Galupo et al., 2020; Pulice-Farrow et al., 2019), we might expect gender euphoric experiences to follow suit. Indeed, one study found a relationship between increased body hair removal and positive affect in transfeminine individuals (Bradford et al., 2019) and another found that being gendered correctly, through the use of names and pronouns, resulted in feelings of joy and affirmation for some nonbinary young adults (Cosgrove et al., 2021). However, there is little consensus as to the relationship between dysphoria and euphoria, both conceptually and experientially. Some sources define euphoria as the opposite of dysphoria (e.g., Newman, 2018), which could have the implication that dysphoria is intrinsically linked with euphoria—e.g., that whatever a person is dysphoric about (e.g., body hair), its opposite will result be euphoric (e.g., body hair removal). However, others contend that euphoria is a separable experience from dysphoria, in that some people may experience euphoria without experiencing dysphoria and vice versa (Ashley, 2019a). Thus, we might expect gender euphoric experiences to be related to the body and/or to social life, but they may not necessarily have ties to dysphoric experiences. And, people may conceptualize euphoria and dysphoria as opposites or see them as having a more complex relationship.
Fentanyl use disorder characterized by unprescribed use of transdermal patches: a case report
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Cavid Guliyev, Zehra Olcay Tuna, Kültegin Ögel
Fentanyl is a pure mu receptor agonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier rapidly. Its analgesic effect is 75–100 times higher than that of morphine.1 The routes of administration for prescribed use include oral, intravenous, epidural, transdermal, intranasal, and transmucosal routes. Transdermal fentanyl patch (TFP) has been widely used as an effective analgesic since 1990.2 TFP has several clinical advantages, such as long-acting analgesic effect and low incidence of undesirable side effects compared to morphine. Owing to such features, the use of TFP has been accepted as a noninvasive method for pain relief.3 Because of its low molecular weight and lipophilic properties, fentanyl is easily absorbed through skin.4 TFPs are available in doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mcg/hour. The effect of fentanyl lasts for up to 72 hours when used as transdermal patches.2 Compared to other forms, TFPs have a reduced possibility of misuse due to the fact that TFPs release the drug in a sustained and long-acting manner with a stable serum concentration.5 In addition, it is accepted that the risk of developing tolerance and use disorder is minimal because it rarely causes euphoria.6
Prescription and over-the-counter drug misuse among female students at a Saudi university
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Rufaidah Dabbagh, Munirah Aldofyan, Wejdan Alzaid, Aseel Alsulimani, Sarah Alshamrani, Samar Alqahtani, Alanoud Abuhaimed
Prescription and OTC drugs with addictive potential come in different types. The commonly misused OTC drugs with addictive potential include decongestants (such as pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine), cough suppressants (such as dextromethorphan), OTC sedatives (such as diphenhydramine) and antiemetics (such as dimenhydrinate) (Conca & Worthen, 2012; Lessenger & Feinberg, 2008; Shi & Bayard, 2011). Although these drugs are considered safe within the required dosage for reasons indicated, they have been used in larger dosage to experience euphoria, secondary to the psychoactive effects of some of these drugs (Lessenger & Feinberg, 2008). For example, dextromethorphan, the active substance in cough syrups, is popularly used among adolescents to enter a hallucinogenic, dissociative state described as a “dream-like experience” (Conca & Worthen, 2012; Stanciu et al., 2016).