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Assessment – Macronutrient Needs and Oral Intake
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
An essential role of the nutrition professional is the proper identification, diagnosis, and treatment of malnutrition. Malnutrition is more often identified in the acute care setting; however, poor nutrition status is prevalent in a variety of patient populations.2,3 Malnutrition can be precipitated by inadequate intake, increased nutrient needs, or impaired nutrient absorption and metabolism. Many etiologic factors can contribute to these challenges, including disease state, socioeconomic status, age, and environmental influences.1 Clinicians should be well-versed in assessment and diagnosis of malnutrition, including identification of etiologic factors, in order to improve the nutrition status of their clients and patients. Malnutrition diagnosis and etiology are covered in Chapters 2 and 3. This chapter briefly reviews macronutrient metabolism, then focuses on evaluation of macronutrient requirements and intake to help guide nutrition professionals in the assessment and treatment of populations that are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.
Knowledge regarding diseases
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Etiology of disease is important to determine a method of treatment. Pathogenesis is important to know the accurate mechanism of symptomatology. Diagnosis of disease is also important to treat it accurately. Investigations are helpful in diagnosis. Discovery of new drugs also depends on detailed knowledge of diseases. Homeopathy opposes a detailed study of diseases. Without knowledge of etiology, prevention of disease cannot be possible. Today we know that the preventive aspect of disease is more important than the curative aspect. Many diseases such as AIDS and rabies have no cure. Only prevention of these diseases is possible and that can be done only on the basis of knowledge regarding etiology and pathogenesis. All communicable diseases can be prevented in this manner. That modern medical science does, but homeopathy does not.
The Neonate
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Laura De Angelis, Luca Ramenghi
In term neonates, signs of respiratory distress may be caused by a number of conditions, including congenital lung anomalies, infections, pneumothorax, airway malformations (e.g. choanal atresia, tracheal-esophageal fistula), cardiovascular system anomalies (e.g. congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension), neurologic anomalies (e.g. central nervous system infections, hypoxic injury, hydrocephalus), blood dyscrasia (anemia or polycythemia), or exposure to maternal drugs. Specific diagnostic tests and treatments should address the underlying etiology.
24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Lauri Tulkki, Nicolas Martinez-Majander, Petri Haapalahti, Heli Tolppanen, Juha Sinisalo, Olli Repo, Tomi Sarkanen, Heikki Numminen, Essi Ryödi, Pauli Ylikotila, Risto O. Roine, Riikka Lautamäki, Antti Saraste, Tuuli Miettinen, Jaana Autere, Pekka Jäkälä, Marja Hedman, Juha Huhtakangas, Ulla Junttola, Jukka Putaala, Jani Pirinen
The worldwide incidence of ischemic stroke (IS) in young adults has been rising, and currently, up to more than two million adults aged <50 years are estimated to suffer an IS each year [1]. Careful diagnostic work-up to define the most likely IS etiology is paramount to guide secondary prevention and to inform patients and their relatives on the nature and prognosis of the disease. However, despite comprehensive modern-day diagnostic tests, up to about 40% of IS cases in young adults remain without a known cause or with conditions where causality is difficult to prove conclusively, such as a patent foramen ovale (PFO) [2,3]. These strokes are traditionally labeled as cryptogenic, and the younger the patient group, the higher is the frequency of cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS) [2,3].
Reports of New and Recurrent Keratitis following mRNA-based COVID-19 Vaccination
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Paras P. Shah, Yoav Glidai, Richard Braunstein, Matthew Gorski, Jung Lee, Farihah Anwar, Amelia Schrier, Jules Winokur, Anne S. Steiner
Keratitis is an inflammatory condition of the cornea that can be characterized by pain, tearing, blurry vision, inflammation, and even loss of vision.17 Although its etiology is multifaceted, it is most commonly caused by infectious and non-infectious inflammatory conditions. Of these, infectious keratitis is the leading cause of corneal blindness and the fourth leading cause of overall blindness globally, representing an annual incidence of up to 799 per 100,000 population-year.5,18 Within the umbrella of infectious keratitis, HSV keratitis is the most common, affecting an estimated 500,000 people in the United States at any given time.19 Adequate work-up to identify the causative organism is crucial to guiding treatment; the gold standard remains culture, although other techniques such as in vivo confocal microscopy have also emerged.5
Dietary sugar intake and risk of Alzheimer's disease in older women
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Longjian Liu, Stella L. Volpe, Jennifer A Ross, Jessica A Grimm, Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele, Howard J Eisen
Findings from our study provide new evidence to the study of the sugar-AD association in women. In the stratification analysis, the sugar-AD association remained significant among those without clinically diagnosed diabetes mellitus. This finding highlights the importance of controlling excessive sugar intake among those without diabetes mellitus. It also suggests that in addition to the impact of metabolic disorders and diabetes mellitus on AD risk, the sugar-AD association may be attributable to other pathways. Of six subtypes of sugar intake, lactose intake had a stronger relationship with AD risk than the other subtypes. Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of two monomers: glucose and galactose. This stronger association between lactose and AD may be attributable to an interaction effect of these two monomers. Meanwhile, there was a tendency of increased intake of each subtype sugar to be associated with increased AD risk (assessed by their positive values of HRs for AD, see Models 3–4 of Table 4). Each subtype of sugar may share some common pathways and have their specific impacts on AD risk. Further experimental and clinical trials are needed to test the etiology for detail.