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Candidate Genes, Gene × Environment Interactions, and Epigenetics
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
The diathesis stress model assumes that a genotype (involving many polymorphisms or different risk alleles) confers risk and will lead to an extremely adverse outcome if the individual is exposed to a negative environment. However, in a good environment the outcome will not be as negative or may not occur at all.36 This model stresses the adverse environment and its effects on a risky genotype that is vulnerable to environmental triggers, resulting in antisocial behavior.32 This model, therefore, states that the fundamental causes of antisocial behavior are environmental triggers.37
Probiotics and Depression
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Depression is a multifactorial condition brought about by biological, psychological, and social factors (Naseribafrouei et al., 2014). The diathesis stress model proposes that depression is caused when stressful life events impose on a pre-existing vulnerable condition (Uher and McGuffin, 2010). The handbook of mental disorders, the DSM- 5 (APA, 2013), defines depression under the section entitled Depressive Disorders. Depressive disorders include disruptive mood regulation disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/ medication-induced depressive disorder, and unspecified depressive disorder. Major depressive disorder represents the classic condition; it is characterized by discrete episodes of at least 2 weeks’ duration, although it is acknowledged that in most cases this period is appreciably longer, in which significant changes in affect, cognition, and neurovegetative function and inter-episode remissions are measurably altered (APA, 2013). The shared component of all depressive disorders is the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, and the significant loss of the individuals’ competency to function. Defining features of all depressive disorders is the duration, timing and etiology (APA, 2013).
Parallel Characteristics and Variables
Published in Michael R. Bütz, Parental Alienation and Factitious Disorder by Proxy Beyond DSM-5: Interrelated Multidimensional Diagnoses, 2020
Another form of stress has similar historical dynamics as well, but in this form it has been tied to genetic vulnerabilities in the individual and the expression of a mental illness, i.e., the Diathesis-Stress Model. For those familiar with behavioral healthcare, this theory is regularly referred to as an explanation that describes stress as a variable influence interacting with the prospect of a genetic predisposition (diathesis) toward developing a mental illness and/or its expression (Zubin & Spring, 1977). Even with more recent works on this topic that purport to go beyond its tenets (Belsky & Pluess, 2009), this author has found the work of one of this concepts’ architects and proponents, Manfred Bleuler (1963), both particularly insightful and particularly humble when addressing the matter. The working definition was, of course, that, “It was supposed that various kinds of pathogenic influences on the personality would cause various kinds of psychopathological symptomatology” (p. 945). He demonstrated a remarkable degree of scholarly consideration wherein, despite proposing this concept, he described a number of problems with it, and, among them, what follows. Another difficulty in research on the heredity of schizophrenics is seen in the impossibility of distinguishing between familial influences caused by heredity, and familial influences caused by an environment common to several members of a family.—This modern question—What changes the boundaries between two forms of life?—no longer suggests that all schizophrenic psychoses must be etiologically explained by a single and specific cause. Many types of trauma can destroy the dams keeping a chaotic form of life in its right place.(p. 946, 949)Fundamentally, well back in 1963 while he was putting forth this conceptualization, he also described the complexities of doing so, noting that certain matters are inextricably woven together. Plainly, this is something that needs to be kept in mind as we entertain the concept of an IMD in the most general sense: “If we take into account what we know and if we refrain from speculating on what is unknown, we must take heredity and psychogenesis into consideration” (p. 949). His words of caution regarding scholarship, and ultimately his humility, continue to be worthy of contemplation: “Furthermore, it is quite possible that a great future discovery will disprove all that I have said” (p. 951).
The Moderation Role of Neuroticism for Anxiety among Burdened Dementia Caregivers: A Study on Care Giver-Recipient Dyads
Published in Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2022
Xiaozhao Yousef Yang, Patricia Morton, Fangying Yang, Boye Fang
The diathesis-stress model of mental health posits that the effects of stress on mental health are contingent on a diathesis, i.e. a preexisting vulnerability, that may consist of phenotypic types and at-risk psychological traits such as a high level of neuroticism (Belsky & Pluess, 2009; Monroe & Simons, 1991). The diathesis predisposes an individual to a mental health disorder and a stressor can activate that predisposition. Individuals with the vulnerable diathesis may display good functioning in the absence of environmental stressors but their mental health condition deteriorates when significant stress is present. In this sense, the relationship between the diathesis and stress is interactive, meaning that the diathesis can produce qualitatively heterogeneous susceptibility for stressors – that is, differential susceptibility (Belsky & Pluess, 2009). The Orchid-Dandelion Hypothesis argues that for individuals with a susceptible diathesis, the presence of stressors may be more detrimental to their mental health, but they enjoy better wellbeing when stressors are absent (Mitchell et al., 2015). Adapting the diagram drawn by Rioux et al. (2016), the diathesis-stress model expects a linear and interactive relationship between the diathesis, presented as neuroticism for the present study, and the stressor as shown in Figure 1.
Suicide Postvention for the United States Military: Literature Review, Conceptual Model, and Recommendations
Published in Archives of Suicide Research, 2019
Kyna Pak, Kelly E. Ferreira, Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway
The diathesis-stress model is a well-established biopsychosocial theoretical framework that provides an explanation for the process by which a predisposed vulnerability (diathesis) interacts with a stressor, leading to the expression of a particular disease or condition. The terminology and model have originated from the literature on schizophrenia (Bleuler, 1963; Rosenthal, 1963), but have also been applied to the understanding of suicide risk (Rubinstein, 1986; Visser, Krosnick, & Lavrakas, 2000). Diatheses may be biological and environmental. Stressors can be interpersonal (i.e., social isolation) and situational (i.e., combat). In this model, diathesis and stress have an inverse and dynamic interaction, such that for individuals who carry higher levels of predisposition, lower levels of stress may be sufficient to initiate the expression of a problematic condition (Visser et al., 2000). Applied to suicide bereavement, exposure to suicide as a stressor, particularly for those with a diathesis for depression and/or anxiety, for instance, may increase risk on a number of mental health- and functional-related outcomes—including suicide.