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The French School
Published in Scott M. Jackson, Skin Disease and the History of Dermatology, 2023
Bazin did not invent the concept of diathesis, but he was its greatest advocate as it related to dermatology. Diathesis first appeared in the Hippocratic corpus where it meant “temperament,” or what we today would call “constitution,” i.e., the state of the body that makes it acquire certain diseases.68 By the time of Galen, diathesis signified a sickly condition or disposition of the body. The word appeared sporadically in the medical writings of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, but the concept did not become a popular topic until the end of the eighteenth century, especially in Paris. There were 14 diatheses at one point in the early nineteenth century: scrophulous, herpetic, cancerous, gouty, syphilitic, verminous, scorbutic, gangrenous, variolous, measles, mucous, inflammatory, bilious, and serous.69 The concept competed with the new wave of interest in localizing pathology to a part of the body that started with Morgagni's anatomic basis of disease concept. The history of diathesis represents the struggle between localized disease and general health, between humoral theory and the anatomical basis of disease, and between treating the disease and treating the whole patient.70
The who, what, where, when, why and how of picking, pulling and biting behaviors
Published in Stacy K. Nakell, Treatment for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, 2023
The factors that lead to picking, pulling and biting involve some combination of nature (genetic) and nurture (environmental) factors. This combination is also known as diathesis/stress, as an underlying predisposition is brought out by an environmental stressor. The genetic underpinnings of BFRBDs are still being researched. Twin studies have shown a genetic link, and mutations found in the SLITRK1 gene have been linked to trichotillomania (Zuckner et al., 2006). Presumably, genetic mutations set the stage for BFRBs to erupt later in life.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Published in Judy Z. Koenigsberg, Anxiety Disorders, 2020
According to Magnavita and Anchin (2014), a diathesis can endure at many different levels (e.g., intrapsychic, sociocultural, and others) and can persist both for current and future episodes of emotional disorders. The first level of the total ecological system (TES), the intrapsychic-biological, emphasizes the mind or brain, and the processes at this level include neurotransmitter activity and the limbic system (Magnavita & Anchin, 2014). In traumatic situations, the limbic system of humans, unlike that of animals, persists, and, thus, it is harder for humans to return to a state of balance after a traumatic event (Magnavita & Anchin, 2014; Sapolsky, 2004). Given the higher level of humans’ relationships, humans are more prone to trauma than many animals, and individuals who have experienced many traumatic situations can endure persistent limbic hyperarousal resulting in anxiety (Magnavita & Anchin, 2014). Read, Perry, Moskowitz, and Connolly’s (2001) traumagenic neurodevelopmental model supports the findings that early traumatic events can elicit neurobiological sensitivity, change brain structures, and lead to psychological disorders such as posttraumatic disorder (PTSD) (Grawe, 2007; Magnavita & Anchin, 2014).
The Moderation Role of Neuroticism for Anxiety among Burdened Dementia Caregivers: A Study on Care Giver-Recipient Dyads
Published in Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2022
Xiaozhao Yousef Yang, Patricia Morton, Fangying Yang, Boye Fang
These findings provide evidence to corroborate the diathesis-stress model, which posits that individuals with the vulnerable diathesis adapt less well to external stressors. The diathesis may belong to different domains of pathological etiology depending on the focus of investigation. Often in the literature, vulnerable diathesis may reflect certain genetic disposition, phenotypes, personality or other psychological traits (Belsky & Pluess, 2009; Enns et al., 2005; Monroe & Simons, 1991; Rioux et al., 2016). Our findings provide evidence to existing studies that have considered neurotic personality a diathesis for differential susceptibility to stress (Barlow et al., 2014; Brock & Lawrence, 2014; Enns et al., 2005). Personality dimensions constitute an important set of latent characters that influence how people process information, react to signals, and behave in patterned regularities (Shaver & Brennan, 1992). Although neuroticism is associated with being cognitively alert and responsive in situations needing survival adaptation (Budaev, 1999), its evolutionary specialty appears to be a maladaptive trait in the case of caregiving for older adults. In our sample, neurotic personality is a risk factor that exacerbates the association between care burden and anxiety affection.
Echoes of William Gowers’s concept of abiotrophy
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
Gilberto Levy, Bruce Levin, Eliasz Engelhardt
One can obtain a better grasp of what Gowers likely meant by “defect of vitality” or “defect of vital endurance” through the concept of diathesis, which has a long history in medicine going back to Hippocrates and Aristotle (Ackerknecht 1982), or the closely related notion of “constitutional factor” (Anonymous 1943; Hurst 1927). In the sense of a predisposition or tendency to a disease—or, more precisely, “The constitutional or inborn state disposing to a disease, group of diseases, or metabolic or structural anomaly” (Stedman 1995)—diathesis was the subject of the Huxley Lecture delivered by Sir Archibald Garrod (1857–1936) in 1927, “in the light of recent advances of science, and to emphasise once more the importance of constitutional factors in connexion with the incidence and shaping of maladies” (Garrod 1927).
ETV6-related thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction
Published in Platelets, 2021
Jorge Di Paola, Marlie H. Fisher
The discovery of these mutations led to additional larger studies that demonstrated a 4.5% prevalence of ETV6 germline mutations in families with known inherited thrombocytopenia [20], confirming the near-complete penetrance of low platelet counts in these families, though some carriers with normal platelet counts have been reported [22]. In all patients with thrombocytopenia, 2.6% are estimated to carry ETV6 variants [20]. Clinically, the thrombocytopenia is typically mild, with platelet counts >75 × 109/L, and mild bleeding symptoms reported, including epistaxis, mouth bleeding, easy bruising, and menorrhagia [23]. A small subset of these patients have large platelets, with the majority of patients exhibiting normal platelet size [23]. Complete blood counts in these patients typically demonstrate normal white blood cell counts and hemoglobin concentrations [19]. While some patients do not experience bleeding diathesis, others bleed out of proportion to their mildly decreased platelet counts. A portion of patients have abnormal platelet aggregation despite no major difference in platelet membrane receptor distribution suggesting a functional platelet deficit [18]. It does not appear to be a correlation between the location of ETV6 mutations and platelet dysfunction, but further studies are needed to confirm this observation.