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Introduction
Published in Rosa Maria Quatraro, Pietro Grussu, Handbook of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, 2020
Rosa Maria Quatraro, Pietro Grussu
The third part is dedicated to the postpartum period, a time of transition and of physical, psychological, social and relational changes. A woman must carry out or satisfy multiple demands, and now that the baby is a real living being, the mother experiences a period of physical and psychological adjustment, as well as a time of adaptation to her new role. This transition and its challenges are described in Chapter 8 by Rosa Maria Quatraro and Pietro Grussu. Particular attention is focused on the experiences, the emotional sensitivity and the stress reactions that characterize the first postpartum weeks. Our contribution also confronts the thorny issue of assistance – during the hospital stay and after the return home – and the health needs exhibited by women. The chapter gives a number of practical clinical hints and describes the support interventions that are of greatest efficacy when seeking to prevent stress from leading to psychopathology.
Self-relatedness, psychopathology, and the context: The concept of disease
Published in Gerrit Glas, Person-Centered Care in Psychiatry, 2019
Leading scholars in the field do acknowledge the different roles disease concepts play (Kincaid 2014; Zachar 2014). We will see, however, that the question of how contexts shape concepts of disease has still not been fully addressed at a conceptual level. We will see that other scholars still tend to attribute the differences among concepts of disorder to different levels of scientific sophistication. Kendler et al. (2011), for instance, plead for a move from an instrumentalist approach, in which disorders are viewed as practical instead of natural kinds (see Zachar 2014; and Section 3.7), to a “more ambitious” and “bolder” commitment to research that again focuses on the objective causal structure of psychopathology, this time along the lines of the mechanistic property cluster approach (see also Kendler 2008a; 2009). I suspect that this strategy will not work; it still insufficiently distinguishes between scientific and clinical ways of understanding psychopathology and has no clear answer as to how this distinction should be dealt with.
Specific causes of automatism
Published in John Rumbold, Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, 2018
Sleep terrors (also called night terrors) are characterized by the sufferer sitting up in bed, and emitting a blood-curdling scream. Episodes can also occur during daytime naps, so “sleep terrors” is the preferred term to “night terrors”. They occur most commonly between the ages of five and seven, affecting up to 6 per cent of children. They affect less than 1 per cent of adults, and then are much more likely to be associated with psychopathology. A sleep terror can then result in a confusional arousal. Sleep terrors can result in directed and purposeful violence relating to the content of the night terror. The cases of Fraser and Thomas were probably sleep terror-related.
Characterizing Youth-Caregiver Concordance and Discrepancies in Psychopathology Symptoms in a US Community Sample
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Rose Mary Xavier, Monica E. Calkins, Dani S. Bassett, Tyler M. Moore, Wales T. George, Jerome H. Taylor, Raquel E. Gur
Youth and caregivers rated lifetime psychopathology symptom items on the computerized version of GOASSESS, a structured interview and assessment that incorporates well validated and reliable measures for psychopathology screening, evaluating (i) psychopathology symptoms, (ii) their frequency, duration, distress and/or (iii) impairment associated with psychopathology domains, in addition to (iv) treatment history and the lifetime prevalence of any disorder. Psychopathology measures in GOASSESS include the following measures. (1) NIMH Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) (Merikangas et al., 2009, 1998) is an extensively validated widely used, highly reliable measure considered to be the “gold standard” to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) psychopathology symptoms. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability for live test-retest, video, audio as well as joint interview formats have been published (Ambrosini, 2000). (2) Revised PRIME screen for assessment of positive sub-psychosis symptoms, a measure with high internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88 and high sensitivity (1.00) and specificity (0.74) (Kobayashi et al., 2008). (3) Scale of Prodromal Syndromes (SOPS) which assesses negative and disorganized psychotic symptoms with high internal consistency—Cronbach’s alpha 0.85 (Miller et al., 2003; Okewole et al., 2015).
Psychometric properties of the caregiver-teacher report form in a sample of Norwegian preschool children
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Kenneth Stensen, Thomas Jozefiak, Stian Lydersen
Globally, approximately 20% of children suffer from mental health problems, while 15–20% of Norwegian children display mental health problems [1,2]. In addition, prevalence estimates indicate that 13–20% of children worldwide meet diagnostic criteria for a psychiatric disorder [3–5]. Moreover, a third of 1- to 7-year-old children who meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder also fulfills the criteria for at least one additional psychiatric disorder [5]. Even though preschool children show similar prevalence estimates as older children, preschool children’s mental health problems tend to be overlooked, leading to under-referral and under-treatment [6–8]. For instance, only one-tenth of Norwegian 4-year-old children who meet diagnostic criteria for an emotional or behavioral disorder have received professional help for their problems [9]. Consequently, chances to intervene early in emerging psychopathology and increase the odds for healthy development, both in the short and long term, may be lost. Thus, it is important to intervene at an early stage to prevent mental health problems developing further into stable patterns and disorders. One prerequisite to the success rate of early intervention is the identification of children who would benefit from an intervention. It is essential to have psychometrically sound instruments available to map children’s mental health status, however, instruments need to be validated for its intended population to ascertain its accuracy.
The inter-agency standing committee (IASC) guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in emergency settings: a critique
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2022
Psychopathology refers to the study of ‘mental disorders’, in terms of the origins, development, classification, and subsequent ‘treatment’. The psychopathological paradigm is based on the premise that problems are either physical (tangible) in nature or psychological (intangible) and behave predictably (Pollio, 1997). This assumption is based on Cartesian logic denoting that thought and cognition precedes existence, that the mind and the body are separate in some senses, and that it is possible to make claims on universal knowledge after proper, rational interrogation (Descartes, 2007). The prevailing psychological paradigm, based on the model of psychopathology, is prevalent in many countries associated with what is often referred to as ‘Western Psychology’ (Ebersöhn et al., 2018; Hendriks et al., 2019; Kirmayer, Adeponle, Dzokoto, 2018; Teo & Afşin, 2020; Yakushko, 2021). Through the theoretical framework of psychopathology, clinicians drawing upon the assumptions of Western psychologies make universal knowledge claims about human nature, define mental ‘illness’ through label classification of different psychological states, with a set of measurable symptoms and treatment can be administered accordingly. In other words: