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Healing at Fann Hospital
Published in Alice Bullard, Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal, 2022
Yet starting in the 1960s, research led by Norman Sartorious at the World Health Organization (WHO) undertook the creation of a systematized, universal language for mental health diagnosis and treatment. This campaign for international psychiatry has enjoyed many successes, and has positioned a newly universalized language of psychiatric care as the accredited, scientific medium (De Girolamo Girolamo et al. 1989, but see criticism by Kleinman 1987; Watters 2010). A new orthodoxy, this time geared toward the needs of “universal scientific research and a universal language of psychiatry” (and, within the global marketplace, of the pharmaceutical industries and insurance companies) replaced the imperial orthodoxy of French supremacy. The DSM-III was first published in 1980 (Kirk and Kutchin 1992). The international classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, known more commonly as the ICD 10, appeared in 1992 (Jablensky 1999). Efforts at the Fann Hospital and the resurgence of traditional healing challenged this post-colonial, globalized, techno-scientific hegemony.
Terminology, Definitions, Classification of Abused Substances, and Diagnostic Criteria
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
DSM III-R is the best available reference for precise diagnosis, and is increasingly being used by agencies dealing with psychiatric diseases and their costs. Internists and family medicine specialists are often a bit less familiar with this source and the diagnostic criteria. The examples in Figures 1 and 2 illustrate that this guide is very practical and easy to apply.
Overview of the Integration of Gastroenterology and Psychiatry
Published in Kevin W. Olden, Handbook of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2020
The need to classify psychiatric diagnoses on an “operational,” basis—i.e., on the basis of observable behaviors—led Feighner to propose a strategy for validating diagnostic criteria. Feighner’s work generated great interest in psychiatry. The “Feighner criteria” established a process for validating existing and future psychiatric diagnoses (36). In 1987, the DSM-III succeeded the DSM-II. The DSM-III differed from its predecessors in that the expert panels used, for the first time, the techniques proposed by Feighner to develop these operational definitions to classify the various mental disorders. This use of operational definitions to create and validate criteria led to a process of continuous evaluation and validation of psychiatric diagnoses. The continuous collection of data to affirm or negate the validity of specific diagnostic criteria made the DSM-III a “living document,” subject to continuous revision as criteria became better defined or, in some cases, rejected as not supportable. The DSM-III Revised (DSM-IIIR), published in 1987, and most recently the DSM-IV, published in 1994, were testaments to this continuing process of validation (37,38).
The Revised Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP-8): Evidence for Validity across Four Countries
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2023
Rachel A. Plouffe, Christopher Marcin Kowalski, Kostas A. Papageorgiou, Bojana M. Dinić, Elena Artamonova, Neil Dagnall, Andrew Denovan, Foteini-Maria Gianniou, Theodoros Kyriazos, Donald H. Saklofske, Anastassios Stalikas
Historical accounts of sadism describe cruel, humiliating, and torturous acts committed by individuals for pleasure, such as the 15th century child murders committed by Gilles de Rais, or the more recent abuse and murderous events that took place in the American-run prison located in Iraq, Abu Ghraib. In the late 19th century, the term sadism was introduced by Krafft-Ebing (1886) as a medical term describing those who derive pleasure from the suffering of others. More recently, Sadistic Personality Disorder and sexual sadism were recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 3rd ed. (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) and in the DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), respectively. It was not until the early 2000s that sadism (in its non-sexual form) was accepted as a personality trait existing on a continuum in the general population (e.g., Chabrol et al., 2009; O'Meara et al., 2004). The purpose of this research is to validate new translations of a revised trait-level sadism measure, the Assessment of Sadistic Personality-8 (ASP-8; Plouffe et al., 2017, 2021), across samples of Greek, Russian, Serbian, and British adults.
An Examination of Fitness to Stand Trial, Competence to Make Treatment Decisions, and Psychosis in a Canadian Sample
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2021
Christopher M. King, Jill Del Pozzo, Dwight Ceballo, Patricia A. Zapf
Diagnoses, included all co-occurring diagnoses, rendered by facility psychiatrists for each participant circa admission were coded into five categories. First was psychotic, viz., diagnoses involving psychotic symptomology. For example, schizophrenia, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Second was non-psychotic major, viz., major mental disorders not involving psychotic symptomology. For instance, major depressive disorder, bipolar II disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurocognitive disorders, and mental disorder not otherwise specified due to a general medical condition. Third was non-psychotic minor, viz., minor mental disorders not involving psychotic symptomology. For example, personality disorders, adjustment disorder, dysphoric mood, and malingering. Fourth was alcohol (alcohol-related disorders) and fifth was drug (non-alcohol substance-related disorders and polysubstance-related disorder). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition–Revised (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) was in use during the original study period while the study site migrated to the fourth edition of the text.
Is pharmacotherapy useful for treating personality disorders?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Jutta Stoffers-Winterling, Birgit Völlm, Klaus Lieb
It remains to be seen if, how, where, and when this quite radical transformation of the diagnostic system will be adopted in clinical settings, and if the research will embrace these new concepts or continue to be guided by the conventional PD diagnoses of DSM-III to DSM-5. In any case, we observe ‘research fatigue’ in the field of PD drug treatment research. Even for the so far most studied antisocial and borderline PD, it seems to stagnate, while the psychotherapy evidence is rapidly accumulating. As effective specialist psychotherapies are now available [16], the role of pharmacotherapy has diminished. However, the introduction of dimensional diagnostic models may stimulate pharmacological research again using a transdiagnostic perspective of targeting symptom clusters within and across disorders.