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Healing at Fann Hospital
Published in Alice Bullard, Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal, 2022
Yet starting in the 1960s, research led by Norman Sartorious at the World Health Organization (WHO) undertook the creation of a systematized, universal language for mental health diagnosis and treatment. This campaign for international psychiatry has enjoyed many successes, and has positioned a newly universalized language of psychiatric care as the accredited, scientific medium (De Girolamo Girolamo et al. 1989, but see criticism by Kleinman 1987; Watters 2010). A new orthodoxy, this time geared toward the needs of “universal scientific research and a universal language of psychiatry” (and, within the global marketplace, of the pharmaceutical industries and insurance companies) replaced the imperial orthodoxy of French supremacy. The DSM-III was first published in 1980 (Kirk and Kutchin 1992). The international classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, known more commonly as the ICD 10, appeared in 1992 (Jablensky 1999). Efforts at the Fann Hospital and the resurgence of traditional healing challenged this post-colonial, globalized, techno-scientific hegemony.
Arson and learning disability
Published in Tim Riding, Caron Swann, Bob Swann, Colin Dale, The Handbook of Forensic Learning Disabilities, 2021
Ian Hall, Philip Clayton, Paula Johnson
This is a nineteenth-century term that denotes insanity. It is rarely used today, although the term is still referred to in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV), which is used by many medical staff to help to diagnose conditions. Within DSM IV, pyromania is defined as ‘a disorder of impulse control, with the major characteristics related to failure to resist the impulse to set fires, and a fascination in seeing them burn2.
Overview of the Integration of Gastroenterology and Psychiatry
Published in Kevin W. Olden, Handbook of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2020
The need to classify psychiatric diagnoses on an “operational,” basis—i.e., on the basis of observable behaviors—led Feighner to propose a strategy for validating diagnostic criteria. Feighner’s work generated great interest in psychiatry. The “Feighner criteria” established a process for validating existing and future psychiatric diagnoses (36). In 1987, the DSM-III succeeded the DSM-II. The DSM-III differed from its predecessors in that the expert panels used, for the first time, the techniques proposed by Feighner to develop these operational definitions to classify the various mental disorders. This use of operational definitions to create and validate criteria led to a process of continuous evaluation and validation of psychiatric diagnoses. The continuous collection of data to affirm or negate the validity of specific diagnostic criteria made the DSM-III a “living document,” subject to continuous revision as criteria became better defined or, in some cases, rejected as not supportable. The DSM-III Revised (DSM-IIIR), published in 1987, and most recently the DSM-IV, published in 1994, were testaments to this continuing process of validation (37,38).
Mind Fixers: Psychiatry’s Troubled Search for the Biology of Mental Illness
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
In this respect, the end of the book is a place just as good as any to start our review. The original DSM (published in 1952), Harrington cautions, recognized 106 forms of mental illness; DSM-II (1968) listed 182; DSM-III (1980) recognized 285; DSM-IV (1994) was updated to 307. As for DSM-5 (2013; switched to Arabic numerals), although it did not substantially change the number of disorders, it revised and refined the diagnosis criteria for a range of disorders. Harrington makes ample room in her narrative for the critics, skeptics, and detractors of the DSM. Dissenting voices, she shows, have included, over time, Making Us Crazy, “an influential polemic against the DSM” by social workers Herb Kutchins and Stuart A. Kirk (1997). They drew attention to the fact that the DSM could be used to enforce gender and racial bias, to incentivize medical practitioners to overdiagnose and overtreat for reimbursement purposes, to encourage pharmaceutical companies to sell drugs, and also could be weaponized in the socio-political arena to discredit and intimidate one’s opponents.
Evidence for altered excitatory and inhibitory tone in the post-mortem substantia nigra in schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Samuel J. Mabry, Lesley A. McCollum, Charlene B. Farmer, Emma S. Bloom, Rosalinda C. Roberts
De-identified human post-mortem brain tissue was obtained with informed consent of the next of kin from both the Maryland and Alabama Brain Collections. All experimental procedures were approved by the University of Alabama Institutional Review Board (protocols IRBN110411002 and IRB080306003) and are in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association. Psychiatrists established the DSM diagnoses (DSM-III-R through DSM-IV-TR) using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM. Clinical information was obtained from autopsy and medical records, in addition to family interviews. Control brains had sufficient information to verify a lack of major psychiatric or neurological disease. Demographic information is listed in Table 1.
Conversion Disorder Diagnosis and Medically Unexplained Symptoms
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2018
Michael James Redinger, Parker Crutchfield, Tyler S. Gibb, Peter Longstreet, Robert Strung
Given the criteria for appropriately inferring to the best explanation, a psychological explanation is not the best explanation, and probably an inferior one. A similar logical mistake is made in the move from the diagnostic criteria for CD in DSM-IV-TR to those in DSM-5. In both manuals, CD is defined as a type of somatic symptom disorder characterized primarily by one or more symptoms of altered voluntary neurological function. However, the DSM-IV TR required that psychological factors be judged to be associated with the MUS because the initiation or exacerbation of the MUS is preceded by conflict or other stressors (American Psychiatric Association 1994). The DSM-5 eliminated this psychological element in favor of merely requiring that the symptoms not be better explained by another disorder (American Psychiatric Association 2013a). The DSM-5 adopts the explanation for MUS that we have just argued is inferior.1This was also the case in the DSM-III (1980), DSM-IIIR (1987), and DSM-IV (1994). Interestingly, the DSM-III also had a psychological criterion, which was even more detailed. Psychological factors are judged to be etiologically involved in the symptom, as evidenced by one of the following: (1) There is a temporal relationship between and environmental stimulus that is apparently related to a psychological conflict or need and the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom. (2) The symptom enables the individual to avoid some activity that is noxious to him or her. (3) The symptom enables the individual to get support from the environment that otherwise might not be forthcoming.