China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Ayurveda and COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
As the child grows, it learns how to co-ordinate muscle action for crawling, standing, maintaining balance, walking, and running. Once the muscles learn these actions, they are relegated to deep muscle memory. These actions happen at the spinal level. For instance, there is no conscious thought involved in maintaining balance while standing and walking; the brain is not involved in these actions. They have almost become a reflex action. This is known as conditioned reflex.
Modern Rehabilitation Techniques for COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
Behavioral therapy, or conditioned reflex therapy, is a kind of psychological therapy guided by behavioral learning theory. It can eliminate or correct patients’ abnormal or bad behaviors with certain therapeutic procedures. Behavioral therapy emphasizes that patients’ symptoms, namely abnormal behaviors or physiological functions, are fixed by the individuals’ learning process through conditioned reflex in the past. Therefore, special therapeutic procedures can be designed to eliminate or correct abnormal behaviors or physiological functions by means of conditioned reflex.
Psychology and Pedagogics of Attention
Published in L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydov, Silverman Robert, Educational Psychology, 2020
We can be sure of making no mistake if we agree that the difference between the two types of orientation reduces to the difference between innate or unconditioned and acquired or conditioned reflexes. Concentration and its simplest, elementary forms constitutes, as is shown by observation, an unconditioned reflex that manifests itself in the very first days of an infant’s life and possesses absolutely all the typical features of the attention we observe in an adult. But like every unconditioned reflex, the reflex of concentration may be subjected to education and re-education. If a stimulation that induces this reflex is always accompanied by still another foreign stimulation, then, as a result of numerous repetitions of the two stimulations occurring simultaneously, a new relation will have been formed in the cerebral cortex between the second neutral stimulus and the simultaneously accompanying reaction. Now a conditioned reflex has been formed, which will function with mechanical regularity and will be induced now by the new stimulus just as precisely as it had been previously induced by an unconditioned reflex.
Development and validation of a cognitive model-based novel questionnaire for measuring potential unsafe behaviors of construction workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Shuwen Deng, Honglei Zhu, Rui Peng, Yonggang Pan
Behavioral safety research is based on Pavlov’s [24] conditioned reflex experiment in 1927, considering that human behaviors result from external stimulations. Therefore, unsafe behaviors could be prevented by eliminating external stimuli. In terms of methodology, behavioral safety research advocates the study of observable behaviors while ignoring consciousness or other psychological activities. With its focus on the individual level, behavioral safety research aims to improve workers’ safety behaviors through design goals and feedback [25–27]. Nevertheless, compliance with safety behavior criteria often declines to an average level when the intervention program is stopped [28–30]. In addition, behavioral safety research does not go into the causes of unsafe behaviors, nor does it explain the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of interventions [13]. Thus, the effectiveness of behavioral safety research is inherently limited.
Study on the influence of an underground low-light environment on human safety behavior
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Jing Li, Zhen Wang, Yaru Qin, Ruikang Qi, Gui Fu, Baochang Li, Lei Yang
In explaining the results we have found, we are in agreement with previous studies which found that the physiological indicators, including heart rate, heart rate variability and breathing, will change in a hostile working environment, e.g., in a low-lighting environment [29,30]. Combined with existing research, from the point of view of accident prevention, the change of psychological indicators in humans is manifested by the change of behavioral ability. Specifically, in the low-light environment, this is manifested as a distraction of attention, a decrease in visual recognition ability and an increase in visual fixation time, which leads to visual and systemic fatigue. In this state, due to the development of protective inhibition, the activity of cerebral cortex cells decreases, the conditioned reflex activity is affected, the probability of misoperation increases and the probability of accidents increases.
The evolution of the narcolepsy concept in Russia: A historical view
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
A. Kuts, M. Poluektov, C. L. A. Bassetti
Nobel laureate Ivan Pavlov (Figure 5), who discovered the conditioned reflex (Pavlov’s reflex), addressed the question of the pathophysiology of narcolepsy in one his scientific meetings (Pavlov’s Wednesdays) as follows: “I imagine that this (narcolepsy) is a specific disease, which is inhibitory in nature.” Pavlov considered sleep attacks of narcolepsy as resulting from an inappropriate inhibition of higher cortex centers, which is caused by a constitutional predisposition: “insufficiency of the nervous system” (Pavlov’s term). Because of a supposed “lack of nutrients”2 in the nervous system of patients with narcolepsy, the sum of stimuli coming from analyzers3 during the day quickly leads to the extinction of conditional reflexes, which was seen to be a basis of higher nervous activity. It leads to defensive inhibition of cortical centers manifesting in changed sleep—or, in other words, “partial sleepiness.”4 Sleep attacks in Pavlov’s concept arise from a functional, not an organic cause. He thought that attacks could be prevented either by keeping a high level of cortical activity with the use of the stimulants (caffeine) or by restoring conditional reflexes after sleep. In Pavlov’s opinion, cataplexy results from an excessive stimulation of the so-called “motor analyzer” provoked by strong emotional stimulus (laughing), again triggered by a lack of nutrients, leading to an isolated and defensive inhibition of the motor cortex. This concept contrasts with the modern understanding of cataplexy, which is considered as reflecting the “invasion” of physiological REM atonia into wakefulness due to a fronto-amygdalo-brainstem, but not a cortical mechanism (Bassetti et al. 2019). In sum, with respect to Pavlov’s concept of narcolepsy, we can cite his phrase: “Attacks of narcolepsy [sleep attacks] happen when the disease separates all analyzers of the hemispheres from the motor analyzer. Cataplexy happens due to the induction process going in reverse direction.” (Pavlov 1949a, 1949b, 1949c).