China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Personality and stress
Published in Tony Cassidy, Stress, Cognition and Health, 2023
These two conclusions attest to the importance of individual differences in the stress process. Individual differences in response to stress can be categorised into two research literatures which often overlap. These are research studies which focus on personality and those which focus on cognitive styles. The most important distinction is that personality perspectives tend to assume that the individual difference traits or characteristics are relatively stable over time and across situations and, at their most extreme, assume that these traits are genetically inherited. The cognitive style perspective focuses on the patterns of thought that individuals engage in, patterns which can be relatively stable but which are clearly the product of learning and which are open to change and modification. One of the major problems in the area is that theorists often do not make the distinction.
Individual Variability in Clinical Decision Making and Diagnosis
Published in Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh, Diagnosis, 2017
People are noticeably different in the way they make decisions. Some make rapid shoot-from-the-hip decisions with confidence, whereas others may be more hesitant, reflective, and deliberate before committing themselves. Cognitive styles are classified into three groups: knowing, planning, and creating. Knowing is a style that places emphasis on precision, objectivity, and logic; planning emphasizes structure, control, and routines; and creating involves subjectivity, impulsivity, and openness to possibilities [119]. Dewberry et al. describe a variety of decision styles, such as anxiety, avoidant, dependent, brooding, vigilant, intuition, and spontaneous [78]. In terms of the predictive value of cognitive style toward characterizing individual decision making, it does not appear to add anything to the effects of personality and decision style. Some of these styles are measured in tests that examine preferences for rationality or intuition, ways in which individuals prefer to process information to make decisions. However, decision-making styles do predict decision-making competence [78]. Individual differences in decision-making competence can be measured with the Decision Outcomes Inventory [120].
Cognition, Language and Intelligence
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
The intensity of feelings affects the nature of cognition processing and the components of planning. Information obtained from experience is more compelling than abstract knowledge, for example, textbooks and lectures. Information processing and decision making can be conceived as having a varied group of alternative processes. The following alternatives will alert the clinician to a range of possible cognitive styles. These might suggest psychopathology or a TBI based on the preponderance or lack of one of these cognitive processing styles. Precise assessment would be difficult; yet, taking these influences into consideration offers information about outcome and functioning in the community. Initially, one might consider the domains of emotion and intellect, but some higher power has determined that clinical practice should be difficult.
Irrational beliefs, depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Hong Kong
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Ho Wai Queenie Chan, Chui Fun Rachel Sun
The present results revealed that there was a significant relationship between religion and rational beliefs. The result was supported by another study that students’ religious affiliations, including adherence to Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam, and religious orientation, in terms of an intrinsic orientation or an external personal orientation, had significant impacts on students’ rational and logical thinking. Students were more inclined to use a rational cognitive style for decision making.70 Research studies indicate that religion is a significant factor to enhance a person’s physical health, as well as mental and behavioral health.71,72 It was believed that students from a religious background were more psychologically healthy because of positive thinking regarding the self, others, and the world.
Cognitive rigidity and heightened attention to detail occur transdiagnostically in adolescents with eating disorders
Published in Eating Disorders, 2021
Shirley B. Wang, Emily K. Gray, Kathryn A. Coniglio, Helen B. Murray, Melissa Stone, Kendra R. Becker, Jennifer J. Thomas, Kamryn T. Eddy
Eating disorders typically onset in adolescence (Lewinsohn, Striegel-Moore, & Seeley, 2000) and are defined by disturbances in eating behaviors with marked impairment in physical and psychosocial functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Yet even the best available treatments are effective for just roughly half of these patients, leaving many individuals with chronic or treatment-refractory illnesses (Waller et al., 2014). In particular, cognitive style has been identified as a feature that may impact treatment engagement and outcome (Tchanturia, Davies, & Campbell, 2007). Individuals with heightened cognitive rigidity may have difficulty changing familiar, maladaptive eating routines in favor of recovery. Similarly, a heightened attention to detail may promote continued fixation on disorder-relevant rituals, which may impede treatment. For instance, many eating-disorder rituals such as calorie counting and body checking (e.g., fixating on the presence of a space between thighs, size of a specific body part, etc.) are emblematic of over-attention to details. Indeed, neuropsychological studies of adults with eating disorders suggest that greater cognitive rigidity and heightened attention to detail are characteristic of individuals with these illnesses, leading to the hypothesis that these cognitive impairments may be an endophenotype of the disorder (Roberts, Tchanturia, Stahl, Southgate, & Treasure, 2007).
Reconceptualizing Autism: An Alternative Paradigm for Social Work Practice
Published in Journal of Progressive Human Services, 2018
Social workers are challenged with balancing the needs of families and caretakers of autistic persons, while at the same time supporting autistic persons’ autonomy (Wilkins, 2010). Although autism admittedly presents significant challenges to individuals and families, using a neurodiversity perspective to understand and appreciate the strengths offered by autistic personhood can support efforts to advocate for accommodation within the social model of disability. That is, recognizing neurodiversity does not preclude accommodating for the disabling effects of having a different cognitive style. Social workers, as well as other health care professionals, can learn about autism by listening to the narratives provided by individuals on the autism spectrum.