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Psychodiagnostics
Published in Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé, Psychiatric Aspects of Opiate Dependence, 2019
Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé
Field dependence studies employ the Rod-and-Frame test and represent a neuropsychological measure capable of assessing field dependence and cognitive and perceptual deficits and of differentiating a “state” from a “trait.” In this test, the subject sits in a darkened room and sees only a luminous rod surrounded by a frame. The frame is always tilted 28 degrees right or left, and the subject’s task is to adjust the rod so that it is upright with walls of the room. In so doing, he must resist the distraction of the tilted frame. The test is scored in degrees of deviation of the adjusted rod from true vertical. Other tests employing the same principle are the Body-adjustment test and the Embedded Figures test. The latter, however, is scored in minutes.66,67
Aromatherapy for Pain Relief
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Were the subjects’ individual personality factors, which could influence their response to odors, taken into account (Warrenburg & Schwartz, 1990)? For example, those with field dependence tend to be more susceptible to the effects of external cues like ambient aromas on affect and mood state, than field independent personalities, who are more influenced by their own internal milieu and more resistant to impact of ambient aroma (Ehrlichman & Bastone, 1992; Goodenough, 1978; Jellinek, 1998/1999).
Alcohol and tobacco use in men: the role of alexithymia and externally oriented thinking style
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019
Jani Kajanoja, Noora M. Scheinin, Max Karukivi, Linnea Karlsson, Hasse Karlsson
Few studies have examined the effect of alexithymia on substance use in healthier populations, and to our knowledge, no previous studies have examined alexithymia and substance use in a birth cohort setting. One Finnish population study with 2297 middle-aged men found that both self-reported acute heavy intake of alcohol and heavy long-term use were more common as alexithymia levels increased (37). Additionally, a major limitation of most previous studies is that alexithymia has been treated as a homogeneous trait, and the effects of individual dimensions (DIF, DDF, and EOT) have not been differentiated. Previous studies regarding alexithymia subtypes suggest that this approach may be important, as the individual dimensions show distinct risk profiles for psychopathology. More specifically, DIF and DDF are consistently associated with depression and anxiety, whereas EOT shows no correlation with these psychopathology measures (38–40). One study analyzing alexithymia dimensions, comparing alcoholic individuals and controls, found that EOT was associated with a lack of social self-confidence and higher dependence on environmental cues (field dependence) only in alcoholic individuals. They hypothesized that alcohol dependence could be characterized by a cognitive style of EOT, lack of self-confidence, and field dependence, and that this trait may be independent of depression (10).
Multi-day Adaptation and Savings in Manual and Locomotor Tasks
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2018
M. F. L. Ruitenberg, Y. E. De Dios, N. E. Gadd, S. J. Wood, P. A. Reuter-Lorenz, I. Kofman, J. J. Bloomberg, A. P. Mulavara, R. D. Seidler
Table 1 provides an overview of the average adaptation rates across participants in each test session on the manual and locomotor adaptation tasks and performance on the visuospatial tasks. It also shows the intraclass correlation coefficient for each of our measures to examine their stability across the four test sessions. We were especially interested in the intraclass correlation coefficients of the visuospatial working memory and visual field dependence tests, which allowed us to evaluate if these measures could potentially serve as predictors of adaptability (discussed subsequently). Given the relatively broad age range of our participants, we evaluated whether age was associated with performance on any of the tasks. Correlation analyses showed no indications that age was related to performance (ps > .11).
Sport Skill–Specific Expertise Biases Sensory Integration for Spatial Referencing and Postural Control
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2018
Michalis Thalassinos, Giorgos Fotiadis, Fotini Arabatzi, Brice Isableu, Vassilia Hatzitaki
Differences exist in the way individuals perceive and reweigh multimodal sensory information for spatial referencing and postural control (Isableu et al., 2010; Isableu, Ohlmann, Crémieux, & Amblard, 2003). According to the theory of perceptual style (Witkin & Goodenough, 1981), these differences stem from preferred modes of spatial referencing. Specifically, an individual may rely more on an egocentric frame of reference (FoR) using information arising from his or her own body or alternatively on an exteroceptive (visual field) FoR as the primary referent for behavior. This individual preference is also known as field dependence/independence. Preferred modes of spatial referencing emerge when tasks constraints allow for FoRs redundancy and vicarious selections (i.e., proprioceptive-based or visual-based modes are equally efficient to solve the perceptuomotor coordination problem; Isableu et al., 2010). Visual field–dependent individuals rely heavily on vision for controlling challenging postures while they have difficulties at identifying or adopting a more appropriate FoR based on proprioceptive and vestibular cues (Isableu, Ohlmann, Cremieux, & Amblard, 1997; Isableu et al., 2010). In addition to stance difficulty, visual perturbations can also lead visual field–dependent individuals to use an “en block” mode of head-trunk operation and a hip stabilization in space strategy (Isableu et al., 2003) which suggests a reduced capacity to efficiently exploit body-ground proprioceptive information for balancing (Isableu, Fourre, Vuillerme, Giraudet, & Amorim, 2011). In contrast, field-independent individuals deploy a more articulated mode of intersegmental stabilization under the same task constraints, suggesting greater ability to select an appropriate mode of spatial referencing based on reliable somatosensory orientation cues.