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Major Schools of Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Ulric Neisser (1928–2012), the “father of cognitive psychology,” defined it as “all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.” These processes include topics such as perception, attention, memory, knowledge, language, problem-solving, reasoning and decision-making, and aspects of intelligence, emotion, and consciousness (Neisser, 1967). Also, cognitive psychologists are interested in less cognitively oriented phenomena, such as emotion and motivation. In short, cognitive psychology is involved in nearly all human behavior and psychological phenomena, and almost any topic of psychological interest may be studied from a cognitive perspective. A lot of research studies derived from cognitive psychology have been integrated into various other modern disciplines of psychological study, including developmental psychology, educational psychology, personality psychology, and abnormal psychology. Some of these disciplines were developed into specific subdisciplines of cognitive psychology, such as developmental cognitive neuropsychology, cognitive neuropsychology, cognitive neuropsychiatry, and cognitive neuroscience.
Employment status after traumatic brain injury and the effect of concomitant injuries on return to work
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Ju An Thor, Mazlina Mazlan, Vicknes Waran
The ability to return to work post injury allows patients to participate actively in society and achieve financial independence, increases sense of self-worth, improves quality of life and reduces secondary disability (5,6). However, successful return to work for TBI survivors is challenging due to the multiple physical, cognitive, neuropsychiatry as well as neurobehavioral dysfunctions (5–7). Rate of return to work after TBI vary widely across studies. Shames et al. reported 12% to 70% of patients with TBI returned to work between 6 weeks and 7 years post injury (8), while Van Velzen et al. (9) proposed a global estimated return to work rate at 40.8%, 2 years post injury.
Visual impairments in type 1 bipolar disorder
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2019
Thiago P. Fernandes, Steven M. Silverstein, Natalia L. Almeida, Natanael A. Santos
The CSF is a classic measure that was adopted in the 1960s (Santos and Simas 2001) to allow more accurate descriptions of optical and neural aspects of vision. From a theoretical perspective, the CSF defines the threshold between the visible and invisible, measuring thresholds for stimuli with a wide range of contrast intensity and spatial frequency (Pelli and Bex 2013). The main assumption that underlies the CSF is that the human visual system decomposes complex stimuli into elemental stimuli that are characterised by low spatial frequencies (LSFs), medium spatial frequencies (MSFs) and high spatial frequencies (HSFs) (Santos and Simas 2001). This occurs because the visual system has cells that respond preferentially to specific spatial frequencies (Owsley 2003). Moreover, the degree of contrast needed to perceive each spatial frequency differs along an inverse U-shaped continuum, with poorest perception (at low contrast levels) for very high and very LSFs. It is thus the interaction of spatial frequency processing and contrast processing that defines the CSF. CSF assessment is a core tool in vision science and cognitive neuropsychiatry for several reasons, including: (1) it is a sensitive measure of computational processes that take place in primary visual cortex (based on output of retinal and lateral geniculate nucleus activity); (2) several disorders of dopaminergic transmission are characterised by an abnormal CSF, including schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease (Silverstein 2016); (3) CSF is sensitive to dopamine agonists (Brandies and Yehuda 2008), and so abnormal CSF can both help clarify the pathophysiology of these conditions and serve as a sensitive measure of response to treatment; and (4) spatial frequency processing and contrast sensitivity are foundations of higher-order visual processing such as orientation discrimination, perceptual organisation, and motion detection. Therefore, identification of an abnormal CSF may provide insights into the bases of additional visual disturbances.