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Trauma, PTSD, Substance Use, and Neuroscience
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tom Alexander, Mary C. Hoke, Karlene Barrett, Tricia L. Chandler
Halpern et al. (2018) conducted a meta-analysis review of ten research studies regarding the role of trauma and its effect on the development of a substance use disorder. The review focused on studies that specifically looked at the impact of childhood maltreatment, including physical abuse and sexual abuse. Concerning physical abuse, Halpern et al. (2018) found that survivors are 74% more likely to develop a substance use condition. Survivors of childhood sexual abuse were 73% more likely to have a substance use condition. Again, the preponderance of research evidence points to a high prevalence of trauma history among persons with a substance use condition. Though it is critically important to understand the considerable prevalence of trauma and co-occurring SUD, it is perhaps even more important to conceptualize the mechanisms by which past experiences can influence present behavior: namely, substance use behavior.
The Effect of Childhood Maltreatment on Brain Development
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Experiences of childhood maltreatment and neglect have been linked to a range of adverse physical and mental health outcomes (Norman et al., 2012), though the majority of studies are based on retrospective reports. A meta-analysis by Norman and colleagues in 2012 across 124 mainly retrospective studies compared children with and without a history of non-sexual abuse and neglect. The authors reported a higher risk for emotional problems, e.g. anxiety and depression, child behavioural problems and conduct disorder for children with a history of maltreatment. Another meta-analysis by Li and colleagues (2016) that only included prospective longitudinal studies confirmed a higher risk for emotional problems in children with a history of maltreatment, but did not include other psychiatric problems as outcomes. One important question is how these adverse experiences lead to an increased risk for mental health problems. A multitude of biological systems have recently become the focus of this discussion, amongst them structural and functional brain abnormalities (Berens et al., 2017).
Child Safeguarding and Social Care
Published in James Matheson, John Patterson, Laura Neilson, Tackling Causes and Consequences of Health Inequalities, 2020
The scale of child maltreatment is uncertain but large [2]. Retrospective studies of adults suggest that at least one in ten report childhood maltreatment [3]. The long-term effects on children’s health and development can be severe, affecting their educational progress and subsequent employment, material well-being, physical and psychological development and capacity to make strong, secure relationships [4]. Consequences in young adults include low educational attainment, high levels of early pregnancy and parenthood, homelessness, unemployment and imprisonment.
Impact of childhood maltreatment on psychosomatic outcomes among men and women with disabilities
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Michelle M. Pebole, Chelsea E. Greco, Robyn L. Gobin, Brian N. Phillips, David R. Strauser
In recent years there has been an increase in research highlighting the negative effect of childhood maltreatment and its impact on overall health in adult life [1–3]. Studies indicate a greater risk of poor physical and mental health and chronic disease among adult survivors of childhood maltreatment [4–11]. An individual with a disability is defined as a person who has a physical or mental health impairment that limits one or more major life activities [12]. Compared to the general population, individuals with disabilities are at higher risk of trauma exposure [13–15], and experience barriers to accessing quality healthcare services to treat trauma-related health issues alongside their preexisting health conditions [16–18]. Left untreated, the negative impact of trauma may compound over the lifespan and intensify the health concerns individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions already face.
Child maltreatment and cognitive vulnerabilities: Examining the link to posttraumatic stress symptoms
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Hannah C. Espeleta, Danielle L. Taylor, Jacob D. Kraft, DeMond M. Grant
Childhood maltreatment is a prevalent social phenomenon, affecting between 5 and 30% of individuals in the United States.1–3 Common definitions of childhood maltreatment typically include early traumatic experiences such as child abuse and neglect, as well as witnessing domestic violence.4 Childhood maltreatment has demonstrated consistent and robust links to mental and physical health deficits in young adulthood, with substantial literature focused on college-aged students.5–9 Specifically, early traumatic experiences have been associated with increased prevalence rates of depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders,5,10–14 which have been further associated with academic difficulties.15 Despite the consistent link between early maltreatment and psychopathology, a subset of individuals with early trauma do not subsequently meet criteria for a mental health diagnosis.16 As such, additional research is needed to better understand pathways by which psychopathology develops following trauma exposure in order to assist in early screening, intervention, and prevention efforts for college students.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Career-Related Issues among Licensed Social Workers: A Qualitative Study
Published in Smith College Studies in Social Work, 2021
Jeffrey Thomas Steen, Shulamith Lala A. Straussner, Evan Senreich
It is important to recognize that ACEs may also present challenges in the workplace. Given the elevated number of ACEs among many social workers, organizations that hire them will benefit from normalizing histories of trauma among their staff and developing practices and policies that are ACE-influenced and trauma-informed. A growing number of resources are being published to disseminate findings related to recovery from childhood maltreatment. Many of these guides offer strategies for transmitting ACE-specific knowledge to families, health providers, and institutions of higher learning (see ACE Connections, 2020; CDC, 2019; The National Crittenton Foundation, n.d.; Waite & Ryan, 2019). Further, rather than focus on deficiencies, future studies and interventions can build upon the literature related to resilience (Ungar, 2013) and post-traumatic growth (Tedeschi, Shakespeare-Finch, Taku, & Calhoun, 2018) and how these factors can be used to benefit social work practice.