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Psychiatry and social medicine
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
Asperger's syndrome shares with childhood autism the features of impaired capacity to relate to other people through a sense of empathy and through nonverbal means and preoccupation with circumscribed subjects, rituals and stereotypies. Unlike autistic children, those with Asperger's syndrome have relatively preserved language skills but impaired motor development. Treatment should emphasize psychological support of the family and child, adaptation of the school environment and social skills training. Stimulant medication is rarely indicated and may even worsen behaviour.
Introduction
Published in Norman S. Giddan, Jane J. Giddan, Autistic Adults at Bittersweet Farms, 2020
Jane J. Giddan, Norman S. Giddan
The prognosis for later development of autistic children is not optimistic. Most autistic children fail to develop social relationships as they go through childhood and early adolescence, language impairments continue, and ritualistic and compulsive behaviors remain. They usually maintain stereotyped and repetitive behaviors, and a short attention span, while being prone to self-injury and delayed bowel control. Recent research by Van Bourgondien and Mesibov (1989) shows that scores on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale change when children are retested as adolescents. These adolescents and young adults are still regarded as autistic, but they show the characteristic signs and symptoms to a lesser extent. Most autistic youngsters do remain severely disabled during most of their lives; follow-up studies show that only 11 or 12% of autistic children are “functioning well” or “doing well” when they are reevaluated during late adolescence or adulthood.
Process perspective
Published in Olaf Dammann, Etiological Explanations, 2020
Sometimes, however, authors attribute explanatory power only to the causes of illness, not the pathogenetic mechanism. Going back to the autism literature, one finds statements like this: A total of 134 healthcare workers participated in the study. In all, 78 (58.2%), 19 (14.2%) and 36 (26.9%) of the healthcare workers were of the opinion that the etiology of childhood autism can be explained by natural, preternatural and supernatural causes, respectively. (Bakare et al. 2009)
Serum Cingulin levels are increased in children with autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Abdülbaki Artık, Ümit Işık, Bahar Öztelcan Gündüz, Soycan Mızrak
Sociodemographic and clinical information have been written down on a form by the authors. BMI values are calculated manually for each case. A psychiatrist of child and adolescent has evaluated the patients and the controls in terms of any psychiatric condition. The clinical severity of ASD symptoms has been evaluated with Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). CARS is found to be valid and reliable for Turkish society (Gassaloğlu et al. 2016). It consists of 14 domains that evaluate autism related behaviours and 15 scales interpret autism general review. Each scale is graded from 1 to 4. Higher numbers are associated with more severe deterioration. Total points range from 15 to 60 and points under 30 demonstrate that the individual is not in the autistic spectrum. While points between 30 and 36.5 demonstrate mild and moderate autism, points between 37 and 60 show severe autism. The psychometrics of CARS is well-documented (Chlebowski et al.2010).
Childhood autism in the UK and Greece: a cross-national study of progress in different intervention contexts
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Kristi Poppi, Julia Jones, Nicola Botting
To the authors’ knowledge this study is one of the largest cross-national studies on this topic of childhood autism. In this research study, all children changed significantly over time on most measures. Based on the assessments of the children living in Greece and the UK, children with autism develop in a very similar way across the two countries. No group differences were found in children’s profiles either at the beginning of the study, or in the rates of change in skills. The fact that in the majority the children are similar between the two countries supports the notion of autism being diagnosed in similar ways across countries (Sipes et al.2011) and suggests cross-cultural validity of the disorder. Additionally, the children assessed showed progress in their communication and social skills after receiving therapy, regardless of the type of intervention they had received. These results lead us to believe that regardless of the type of therapy that the children received, their skills advanced during the 12 months that they were followed up. In light of the findings from the current study, it seems that autism symptoms do change over time.
Provision of rehabilitation services for children with disabilities living in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2019
Dawn Magnusson, Frank Sweeney, Michel Landry
In terms of assessment strategies, four instruments were designed to diagnose children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile, Autism Detection in Early Childhood, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and the Social Responsiveness Scale. Four instruments assessed children’s motor development: Prechtl’s Method of Fidgety Movement Assessment, the Test of Gross Motor Development v2, the WHO Motor Test, and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Three instruments evaluated children’s overall development: The Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool, the INCLEN Diagnostic Tool for Neuromotor Impairment, and the Rapid Neurodevelopmental Assessment. One instrument was used to assess children’s language development (the Mac Arthur Bates Short Form), and one instrument was used to assesses children’s cognitive and motor development simultaneously (the Touch Screen Assessment Tool). Specialists more frequently conducted developmental assessments (n = 11) compared to non-specialist community members (n = 1) or caregivers (n = 1).