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Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski
The most consistent finding in the anticipatory anxiety disorders suggests a temperament of behavioral inhibition with both neurotic tendencies and introversion is associated with developing these disorders (Bienvenu et al., 2007). When infants display avoidance and fear and are easily distressed by unfamiliar stimuli, it has been found that they are at greater risk for developing fear-based anxiety and have an increased likelihood of developing social phobias (Hayward et al., 1998). There have been twin studies that show a small genetic influence (Hettema et al., 2005; Smoller et al., 2008), but there is also speculation that these are learned behaviors from socially traumatic experiences (Hackmann et al., 2000).
A Biopsychosocial Approach to Anxiety
Published in Stephen M. Stahl, Bret A. Moore, Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Integrating Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy, 2013
Allison M. Greene, Christopher R. Bailey, Alexander Neumeister
Behavioral inhibition is a component of temperament that concerns an individual's responsiveness to novelty and threat, negative emotionality, vigilant behavior in response to unfamiliar situations, and social withdrawal or reticence (Hane, Fox, Henderson, & Marshall, 2008; Calkins, Fox, & Marshall, 1996; Fox, Henderson, Rubin, Calkins, & Schmidt, 2001). Inhibition in early childhood has been linked to anxiety symptoms or a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder later in life (Biederman et al., 1990; Gladstone & Parker, 2005; Hirshfeld-Becker et al., 2007).
Studies of Benzodiazepine Receptors Using In Vivo Autoradiography
Published in Edythe D. London, Imaging Drug Action in the Brain, 2017
These drugs have been demonstrated in humans to be superior to placebo in reducing anxiety in a variety of well-controlled investigations (Skolnick and Paul, 1982). Animal models of “anxiety” (Sepinwall and Cook, 1978) have also been widely utilized to screen various drugs for their anxiolytic or antianxiety properties (Dantzer, 1977). In these animal models, benzodiazepines decrease or eliminate conditioned or unconditioned behavioral inhibition induced either by punishment, novelty, or aversion. Although this disinhibition resembles a behavioral stimulant-like effect, stimulant drugs (e.g., amphetamine) either have no effect on behavioral inhibition or may even further decrease behavior. Therefore, this action of benzodiazepine drugs on behavior is often termed an anticonflict or antipunishment effect, or even a behavioral disinhibitory or behavioral antisupressant action (Haefely, 1985). The most common animal models of stress are variations of the conflict test, originally developed by Geller and Seifter (1960), whereby responding is alternately reinforced by food or water and punished by electric footshock during separate components of the experimental session. Benzodiazepines increase the behavior previously inhibited by the electric shock without affecting nonpunished responding. In other animals models, these drugs decrease passive avoidance behavior and increase exploratory behavior or social interaction in a novel or brightly lit environment. Although it is impossible to measure empirically whether nonhuman animals “feel” or “sense” anxiety in the same manner that humans do, it is of interest that a behavioral disinhibition can only be produced in these animal models by drugs which also have a proven anxiolytic effect in humans (Skolnick and Paul, 1982; Haefely, 1985). Other psychotropic drugs are without effect.
A Study on the Effects of Responsive Outpatient Aggression Regulation Therapy for Juveniles
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2023
L. M. Hoogsteder, P. Oomen, N. Sweers, J. Hendriks
To explain aggressive behavior in relation to cognitive and emotional processes, Re-ART uses the cognitive behavioral therapeutic model (CBT model; Beck & Haigh, 2014). This model is based on the social and cognitive learning theory and assumes that aggressive behavior is a consequence of the individual applying dysfunctional schemata. These schemata play a central role in social information processing and determine emotional reactions and behavior. Dysfunctional schemata are described as powerful beliefs and expectations which are formed based on experiences in childhood and adolescence (Van Wijk-Herbrink et al., 2018). As well as the impact of dysfunctional schemata, executive dysfunction (working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibition) has also been connected to the development and continuation of aggressive behavior (Van Nieuwenhuijzen et al., 2017). The amount of behavioral inhibition (impulse control) is an important predictor for aggression (Tonnaer et al., 2016). Impulsivity and reduced emotion regulation are amplified through the experience of significant amounts of stress (Maier et al., 2015; Sandi & Haller, 2015). An increasing amount of research suggests that stress influences the development and continuation of externalized problem behavior, including aggressive behavior (e.g., Lee & DiGiuseppe, 2018; Tielbeek et al., 2017). When under stress, the brain enters a survival mode (fight/flight), with faster aggressive reactions (Rocque et al., 2015). Stress in juveniles and their parents plays a role in the development of persistent anger (Dijkstra et al., 2015).
The Associations Between Attitudes Toward Interpersonal Affective Touch, Negative Cognitions and Social Anxiety: A Pilot Study
Published in Psychiatry, 2023
Usha Barahmand, Naila Shamsina, Kefira Carvey, Angelica Mae Acheta, Oscar Sanchez
The indirect effects of FNE in the relationship between interpersonal touch attitudes and social anxiety support the cognitive model of social anxiety proposed by Rapee and Heimberg (1997). Attending, perceiving, and appraising touch behaviors from others as negative may result from negative cognitions that support the premise that socially anxious individuals employ a biased detection of threatening environmental cues. Socially anxious individuals have a temperament style characterized by behavioral inhibition (Fox et al., 2021). As children, these individuals are hypervigilant of negative social cues signaling social rejection, which renders them vulnerable to social anxiety (Fox et al., 2021). The persistence of socially anxious behavior can be explained by the cumulative continuity of behavioral inhibition, and interactional continuity in which there is a reciprocity of responses between the individual and others in the environment (Tang et al., 2020).
Play with Mom: Insights into Regulatory Processes at Work during Baseline and Parent-infant Play
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2021
Alana J. Anderson, Sammy Perone, Allegra Campagna, Maria A. Gartstein
Importantly, longitudinal studies have shown that FAA and associated behavioral tendencies are relatively stable during early development. For example, infants displaying more behavioral reactivity to a stimulus exhibited greater right frontal alpha activity in infancy and childhood (Fox et al., 2001). These infants also showed higher levels of behavioral inhibition during childhood (Calkins, Fox, & Marshall, 1996; Fox et al., 2001; Henderson, Fox, & Rubin, 2001). Infants rated as displaying more approach behaviors, such as preferring novel stimuli, exhibited greater left frontal alpha activity during baseline (Calkins et al., 1996; Hane et al., 2008). Those demonstrating more pronounced approach-oriented behaviors in infancy were also high in approach later in childhood (e.g., social competence, externalizing behaviors; Degnan et al., 2011; Stifter et al., 2008).