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Review of Chemosensation for Weight Loss
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Initially, smells and tastants were employed as a form of aversive stimuli as a part of classical avoidance conditioning. As far back as 1924, a case study described the successful use of vinegar in a child to establish a food aversion (Moss 1924).
Solving pet problems
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
Increasing appropriate behaviour with treats or praise is positive reinforcement, while attempting to increase appropriate behaviour by withholding treats is negative reinforcement. Aversive training methods may be used to try reduce inappropriate behaviour by causing pain, as with a jerk lead, which is positive punishment; while taking away something the animal values, such as shutting it away to deny social contact, is negative punishment.
Common and Assistive Technology to Support People with Specific Learning Disabilities to Access Healthcare
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Everyday Technologies in Healthcare, 2019
Dianne Chambers, Sharon Campbell
When consenting to a routine surgical procedure, or providing consent for a dependent, the person granting the consent has to be fully informed in relation to the procedure itself, intended outcomes, any risks involved and any potentially aversive outcomes that may be experienced as a result of the procedure. Gaining informed consent is a legal and moral necessity (Menendez, 2013; Miles, 2005). People with learning disabilities may need to be provided with information in a number of formats/modalities in order to ensure that they are fully informed and able to provide appropriate consent. Except in the case of a power of attorney, consent must be given by the patient and other adults cannot legally sign on their behalf. Therefore, it is critical that they fully understand and are able to give informed consent. Patients with dyslexia, for example, should not be provided with written information alone, but may also require a verbal and possibly pictorial representation of the procedure to ensure clarity for consent.
Biopsychosocial Model of Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Women Experiencing Homelessness: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Kirsten A. Dickins, Monique Reed, Olimpia Paun, Barbara Swanson, Niranjan S. Karnik
Lastly, substance use was identified in the overlap between socio-environmental and biological domains. Substance use was described by MHPs, staff, and WEH alike as driven by untreated trauma, or by a “using to cope” motive to avoid uncomfortable thoughts or emotions (Magill et al., 2019; Yeater et al., 2010). Untreated trauma symptoms and substance use frequency co-occur (Maria-Rios & Morrow, 2020); preventable outcomes attributable to substance use—including premature mortality—disproportionately impact persons experiencing homelessness, particularly WEH (Fine et al., 2022). While substances were used to cope with untreated trauma, this avoidance effect was described as transient and potentially hazardous, heightening likelihood of further aversive exposures (Haller & Chassin, 2014). Recommendations for strategies to address the impact of trauma and therefore substance use on this population were offered. Emphasis was placed on population tailored trauma-focused interventions, specifically brief co-designed interventions that concurrently treat PTSD and substance use behaviors, while leveraging the strengths and resilience of WEH (Flanagan et al., 2016).
On Terms within Organizational Behavior Management
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2023
Douglas A. Johnson, Rachael Ferguson
While reinforcement is the most common technique applied in OBM, it is also critical to understand how the related term of punishment is relevant. Unlike reinforcement, punishment is uncommon in OBM (Daniels, 2016), however, it remains a popular technique among managers (Grote, 2006). Even in subfields of OBM such as behavior-based safety (which seeks to reduce accidents and injuries), the focus is on promoting safe behaviors rather than punishing unsafe behaviors or injuries (Sulzer-Azaroff et al., 1990). Some of this focus is related to the fact that OBM as a field generally attempts to improve, not worsen, the experience of people at the workplace (Abernathy, 2014; Bucklin et al., 2022). Furthermore, employees operating under aversive stimulation may very well exert various forms of undesirable countercontrol (Ludwig & Geller, 1999; Mawhinney & Fellows-Kubert, 1999). Finally, excessive use of aversive control can produce many negative side effects such as turnover, disengagement, absenteeism, and more (Camden & Ludwig, 2013; Cymbal et al., 2022; Moran et al., 2022). Still, there are instances when punishment occurs in organizational settings, especially when dealing with severe violations of workplace policies (Daniels & Bailey, 2014).
A Comparison between a remote testing and a laboratory test setting for evaluating emotional responses to non-speech sounds
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Erin M. Picou, Gurjit Singh, Frank A. Russo
The study of emotional responses to sounds (for a review, see Picou et al. 2018) is a candidate area of research that might be successfully implemented remotely. Emotional responses are pervasive in daily life and a full range of responses is important. Unpleasant emotions facilitate attention (Baumeister et al. 2001; Kensinger 2009) and speech recognition performance (Dupuis and Pichora-Fuller 2010), whereas pleasant emotions can improve mood (Husain, Thompson, and Schellenberg 2002) and facilitate stress recovery (Alvarsson, Wiens, and Nilsson 2010; Sandstrom and Russo 2010). Thus, aversive or unpleasant stimuli serve to prepare a body for immediate action, for example running away from danger, whereas pleasant or appetitive stimuli serve to enhance a person’s well-being (Lang, Dhillon, and Dong 1995). The distinction between pleasant and unpleasant responses is also reflected in the dimensional view of emotion, which posits that emotions can be described by a combination of two or more dimensions, often hedonistic valence and degree of activation, or arousal (Bradley and Lang 1994; Faith and Thayer 2001; Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum 1957; Russell 1980; Watson and Tellegen 1985).