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Laterality Effects for Higher Cognitive Processes
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
This statement implies that attentional biases could be the whole explanation of perceptual lateralization, with no requirement for inherent structural differences between hemispheres. In support of this view Lupien et al. (1993) showed a very good correlation amongst individuals between the degree of perceptual bias and a measure assumed to indicate attentional bias, in a visual task. Subjects were presented with two pairs of squares, one pair in each field, for 25 msec. On some trials, the members of the pair on one side were unequal in size. Subjects were required to identify, as fast as possible, the pair whose members were unequal in size. Reaction time for this task was generally long, about 1000 msec, with no laterality effect observed overall. Nevertheless, some subjects habitually showed a perceptual advantage in reaction time for detecting inequality in one field or the other, some subjects showing a consistent right field advantage, others a left field advantage. In addition, some subjects reported inequality even when there was none. This occurred for stimuli in the field to which they also had a perceptual advantage. Thus what appears to be an attentional bias correlated, over individuals, with their perceptual bias.
Overlap between Drug and Processed Food Addiction
Published in Joan Ifland, Marianne T. Marcus, Harry G. Preuss, Processed Food Addiction: Foundations, Assessment, and Recovery, 2017
The neurological evidence for overeating as an addiction is extensive, as researchers were searching for ways to intervene in both addictions and overeating even before the advent of neuroimaging techniques in the late 1900s. In 2016 and 2017, several review articles described a model of addiction (Volkow et al. 2016a) and overeating (Stice and Yokum 2016; Moore et al. 2017) based largely on brain imaging research. The overlap between food and drug reactions in regions of brain activity has been described (Gearhardt et al. 2011; Kenny 2011; De Ridder et al. 2016) and has been shown to be more extensive in obesity than drug addiction (Tomasi and Volkow 2013). Similarities in attention bias have also been found (Field et al. 2016). Alterations in the morphology of dendrites have been found to follow binging in the prefrontal cortex for ethanol and nucleus accumbens for sucrose (Klenowski et al. 2016a, 2016b).
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation for Psychiatric Disorders
Published in Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Tara Rezapour, Brent Wurfel, Sara Simblett, Hamed Ekhtiari
Modulatory interventions are designed to modify processes that lead to emotional distress and problematic behaviours. Cognitive reappraisal entails reframing the meaning of emotionally or motivationally salient stimuli to modify thoughts about its emotional impact (Gross, 1998) and regulate PV and NV for people affected by depression, anxiety and substance misuse (e.g. Goldin et al., 2013; Grasso et al., 2012; Troy et al., 2010). Cognitive reappraisal is a main component of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which has a strong evidence base for treatment of affective disorders and a growing evidence base for treatment of psychotic and substance misuse disorders (Hofmann et al., 2011). Cognitive bias modification (CBM) also tries to modulate implicit cognitive functions underlying psychiatric disorders through computerised programmes. Attention bias modification, memory bias modification and approach-avoidance bias modification are the most well-known interventions, in the field of CBM for disorders with affective and addictive features (Boffo et al., 2015; Hallion and Ruscio, 2011).
Neuropsychological performance across symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comment on the state and critical review of the literature
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Duncan H. Cameron, Karen Rowa, Margaret C. McKinnon, Neil A. Rector, Randi E. McCabe
One important consideration for future study is the distinction between etiological aspects of neurocognitive performance versus moderators of performance. In a recent review, Ouimet et al. [44] report on the considerable potential effects of OCD beliefs on cognitive performance under various conditions, highlighting the fact that observed ‘deficits’ in performance may be attributable to obsessive-compulsive symptoms or beliefs, not neurobiological mechanisms. For example, differential attentional bias may be the result of stimuli associated with OCD-relevant beliefs (e.g., over-estimation of fear in checkers). There is also a sizable body of literature investigating poor memory in compulsive checking (e.g., Nedeljkovic et al. [45]; Radomsky et al. [46]) although this is likely explained by poor cognitive confidence in memory, which acts as a moderator of performance, rather than an etiological factor. Indeed, another recent study [47] specifically targeted the influence of OCD symptoms and motivations on neuropsychological performance and found significant moderating effects. Investigating the influence of these variables constitutes an important consideration for future study of neuropsychological performance in OCD and might help to elucidate the distinction between neuropsychological functioning as contributing to or resulting from OCD symptoms.
Sport-related concussion is associated with elevated anxiety, but not attentional bias to threat
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Joshua M. Carlson, Keara J. Kangas, Taylor R. Susa, Lin Fang, Marguerite T. Moore
The finding that concussion is associated with anxiety, but not attentional bias to threat, has important implications for understanding the nature of this source of anxiety and how best to treat it. It has been robustly implicated that attentional bias to threat is a cardinal symptom of anxiety and can be a causal factor in the development of anxiety (24,25,36). Given this, there has been much recent interest in identifying methods of treating this symptom/cause – such as attention bias modification (i.e., ABM) treatment. Attention bias modification treatments aim to reduce anxiety by reducing attentional bias to threat (37–41). Attention bias modification has been shown to have a clinical efficacy comparable to standard treatments for anxiety such as cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacological interventions (37). Thus, attention bias modification is a promising new method of treating anxiety. However, given that concussion does not appear to be associated with an elevated attentional bias to threat, treatment options focused on attention bias modification may not be sufficient in reducing anxiety symptoms in individuals with concussion.
Towards A Better Understanding of Hypervigilance in Combat Veterans
Published in Military Behavioral Health, 2019
Research on attentional bias in PTSD suggests that patients with PTSD often direct most of their attention to threatening stimuli, therefore leaving little resources to other stimuli (Ashley et al., 2013; Buckley et al., 2000; Jacoby, 1991; Kimble et al., 2010). Attentional bias is comprised of two distinct types of attention: attentional facilitation, which includes enhanced awareness to threatening stimuli; and attentional interference, defined as difficulty disengaging from threat-related stimuli which, in turn, interferes with task performance and concentration (Pineles, Shipherd, Mostoufi, Abramovitz, & Yovel, 2009). Attentional bias has been assessed using different measures including the emotional Stroop task (Gotlib & McCann, 1984) the visual dot-probe task (MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986) and the visual search task (Pineles, Shipherd, Welch, & Yovel, 2007).