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Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski
This text is based in research around how trauma can lead to additional psychiatric and substance use disorders. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are the two most common anxiety disorders in this section. Reactive attachment disorder in young children is due to trauma, abuse, and changes in caregivers. Posttraumatic stress disorder is characterized by directly experiencing, witnessing, learning about, or experiencing extreme exposure to traumatic and life-threatening events (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These experiences lead to intrusive symptoms of involuntary and recurring distressing memories of the event(s), recurring dreams and nightmares about the event(s), dissociative reactions, intense and prolonged psychological distress at both external and internal triggers that resemble an aspect of the traumatic event being activated, with marked physiological reactions to those cues. The individual persistently avoids external reminders and distressing memories with increasing negative alterations in cognition and mood, along with marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event. Symptoms have lasted longer than a month (pp. 271–275). Acute stress disorder is similar to PTSD but is diagnosed if the symptoms occur three days to one month after the trauma occurred (pp. 280–281).
Creative Therapies (Art and Play)
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Margaret Josephs, Emma House, Sarah Holden, Loz Foskett
As with other therapies (e.g. psychotherapy and counselling), that are qualitative in nature, and the fact that positive change happens in the child’s inner world and perceptions, it is difficult to quantitatively measure the success of play therapy. This is especially true since the ‘unique strength of play therapy is to tap into the world of the child in the “language” of that child through play and this is often overlooked in research’. However, qualitative outcomes can be gained anecdotally from the adults in the child’s network, (home and school) and the Child Psychotherapy Q-Set (Schneider and Jones, 2004) offers a validated measure of progress that has credence across therapeutic modalities. Additionally, UK researchers are building upon research undertaken by Bratton et al. (2005), which demonstrated the effectiveness of play therapy. Where trust is an issue and the child may be ambivalent about therapeutic work, progress may best be made through a child-centred approach or play therapy (Doyle, 2012). Ryan (2004) provides evidence of play therapy effectiveness in working with attachment disorders and sexual, emotional and physical abuse. Professor Mick Cooper and colleagues have published several papers that are generating an interesting evidence base regarding the efficacy of humanistically based therapies in schools (Cooper et al., 2009, 2013, 2015).
Therapeutic interventions
Published in Anne McFadyen, Special care babies and their developing relationships, 2019
A more specific use of storying as a therapeutic tool is exemplified in John Byng-Hall's description of rescripting (Byng-Hall, 1988), His specific reference to alternative parenting scripts provides a way of conceptualising the dilemmas for mothers such as Ms A and Ms B. In cases like these, the therapist, by supporting the telling of the story and helping the parent to gain insight into unconscious processes, can facilitate the emergence of emotional connections which empower the parent to do things differently. This, I think, is of crucial importance for many special care infants. Within this population, as I have noted earlier, are a significant number of young emotionally deprived women whose own experience of being mothered is recalled with despair and anger. For these women, whose motives for conception have often been fuelled by their need to have someone of their own to love, it is vital that their developing relationship with their infant is supported in a way that enables them to break free from this cycle of deprivation. The intergenerational transmission of attachment disorders and its association with child abuse is well recognised (Minde and Benoit, 1991); therapeutic rescripting offers the potential to interrupt this process in families of special care infants.
Developmental abnormalities of the brain exposed to childhood maltreatment detected by diffusion tensor imaging
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Kenichi Yamada, Yuji Suzuki, Makiko Okuyama, Masaki Watanabe, Tsutomu Nakada
The rising incidence in childhood maltreatment (CM) has prompted the medical community to assess its impact on brain maturational processes and resultant adverse behavioral abnormalities [1]. Following the first description by Kempe et al [2], various studies have demonstrated the negative effects of CM on a wide range of not only chronic physical but behavioral and developmental domains [3]. An accumulating body of evidence has shown that early adverse experiences, such as those that threaten child–parent relationships, are likely to induce maladaptive behavior and developmental problems [4–6]. These are typically characterized by attachment disorder symptoms during early childhood, followed by dissociative experiences and self-regulatory problems. Moreover, recent reports have indicated a high prevalence of motor coordination problems in children exposed to CM [7,8]. Such effects are often long lasting, and tend to extend from childhood to adolescence, or even into adulthood. Therefore, this strongly suggests that these behavioral abnormalities are based on structural, not simply functional, alteration of the brain during its development.
Anxiety management: Participants’ experiences of a physiotherapeutic group treatment in Swedish psychiatric outpatient care
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Helena Ölund, Louise Danielsson, Susanne Rosberg
Not all participants described positive effects of the AMMR treatment. We recognized a pattern of experiences in which a couple of participants reported that life with anxiety was about the same after treatment as before. These participants had a difficult time following the group content except for the exercises in BBAT. It is important to investigate the process of referring patients to this type of group treatment further to more accurately assess which patients are likely to benefit from an AMMR treatment. Some patients might need a longer individual preparation with stabilizing work before entering a group. Often, patients with complex psychiatric backgrounds such as early attachment disorders have difficulty feeling safe in relation to others, making participation in complex social relationships such as a group context more difficult (Wennerberg, 2010). The focus initially in treatment of early attachment disorders is often on building a secure and safe therapeutic alliance that provides an opportunity to rework attachment difficulties (Pearlman and Courtois, 2005). One hypothesis to be made in this sense may be that AMMR treatment is too short to reach patients that are in need of more extensive treatment. It is possible, however, that these patients may be receptive to AMMR at a later stage in their rehabilitation process. Following this study, a pre-AMMR group was launched at the same psychiatric outpatient clinic where we conducted this study. The pre-AMMR group consists of BBAT, aiming at preparing patients with more complex psychiatric backgrounds for the AMMR group. This pre-group has, though, not yet been evaluated.
Insecure Attachment and Drug Misuse among Women
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2019
In accordance with this theory of drug misuse as an attachment disorder, Padykula and Conklin (2010) advocated for treatment that addresses attachment traumas. An attachment trauma can be any interruption in one’s primary attachment relationship, such as the experience of neglect, abuse, or loss. The experience of attachment trauma can create deficits in an individual’s capacity for emotional regulation, causing the individual to attempt to self-regulate by misusing drugs (Fletcher et al., 2015). Trauma survivors may also abuse drugs and avoid close interpersonal relationships in attempts to manage negative and intrusive memories, which are a hallmark symptom of complex trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (Fletcher et al., 2015).