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Cannabis
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
Amotivational syndrome is a constellation of features said to be associated with substance use, including apathy, loss of effectiveness, diminished capacity to carry out complex or long-term plans, low tolerance for frustration, impaired concentration and difficulty in following routines.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 1: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: Cannabis does lead to a twofold increase in the associated risk of developing schizophrenia. It also leads to a fourfold increase in the associated risk of psychosis. It is important to note that not all cannabis users develop schizophrenia. It depends on the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype. People who have homozygous VAL/VAL alleles in the COMT genotype have a relatively higher risk. The usage of cannabis causes amotivational syndrome, flashback phenomena, changes in affect and heart rate, red eyes, motor incoordination, poor concentration and memory problems.
Children's Brain Trauma
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Dysfunctions after frontal lobe damage are highly variable, but a familiar subtype includes impulsivity, lack of concern and foresight, absence of depression, boastfulness, and impairment of selfawareness (Benton, 1991). It is claimed that clinical problems are more associated with right cerebral dysfunction due to loss of socialization abilities, together with the expected motor and cognitive dysfunctions. It is vital to include medical conditions in the assessment, for example, panhypopituitarism can be mistaken for an amotivational syndrome.
Spiritual Benefit from Cannabis
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2022
Frederick J. Heide, Tai Chang, Natalie Porter, Eric Edelson, Joseph C. Walloch
That the spiritual use of cannabis has been largely overlooked in the professional literature and American culture as a whole is not surprising in light of a long history of stigma around the plant that has frequently emphasized supposed moral failings in those who consume it. Beginning in the early 20th century, its use in America was fallaciously portrayed as leading to immorality, sexual depravity, and murder (Musto 1999). This moral threat includes its purported tendency to lead to sloth (“amotivational syndrome”) or to use of more dangerous substances, although research has strongly challenged these claims (e.g., Barnwell, Earleywine, and Cox 2006; Joy, Watson, and Benson 1999). This stigma is not confined to cannabis. Influenced by the Protestant ethic and monophasic cultural assumptions (Laughlin 2013), moral stigma has played an important historical role in American attitudes toward mind-altering substances in general, often castigated as agents of irresponsible indulgence (Courtwright 2001).
Lizard as a psychedelic fauna: a systematic review of published cases
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Karishma Godara, Nisha Phakey, Vaibhav Patil, Siddharth Sarkar, Krishan Kumar Pandey
It is evident from the presenting complaints and history provided, that none of the patients sought treatment intentionally or/and particularly for lizard organs’ use. On the contrary, the patients were brought to the clinician for other forms of substance use or issues. Hence, there has been observed heterogeneity in diagnosis varying from dissocial personality disorder, opioid dependence, nicotine dependence, cannabis-induced psychosis; alcohol dependence syndrome, amotivational syndrome, and bipolar affective disorder (Basu et al., 2014; Bhad et al., 2014; Garg et al., 2014; Kakunje et al., 2019; Sarkhel et al., 2011). Moreover, there was no evidence of physiological dependence on lizard use (Bhad et al., 2014; Das et al., 2020).
Cannabis withdrawal induced brief psychotic disorder: a case study during the national lockdown secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2021
Julen Marín, Xabier Pérez de Mendiola, Sergio Fernández, Juan Pablo Chart
From a neurochemical point of view, it is known that THC's acute consumption causes a sudden release of dopamine and glutamate in the striatum, which explains the possible occurrence of psychotic symptoms during intoxication.2,10 According to the latest evidence, acute exposure to THC induces the release of dopamine indirectly through CB1-dependent glutamatergic modulation.10 However, the regular use of cannabis generates specific differential neurochemical changes, such as desensitization and a down-regulation of CB1.6 In fact, the availability of CB1 in the brain of patients with CUD is inversely correlated with the severity of the CWS; that is, lower availability of CB1, more intense withdrawal.6 Chronic use of cannabis is also associated with a progressive decrease in dopamine and glutamate levels, which is related to amotivational syndrome.2 These biochemical changes are not permanent in subjects with CUD and tend to normalize after 2 to 28 days of abstinence, although CB1 function may continue to be impaired.2,6 At this juncture, a sudden cessation of chronic consumption of cannabis could trigger a rebound increase of dopamine and glutamate levels,2,24 inducing psychotic symptoms in the same way as intoxication does. Furthermore, contrary to what happens in other substance use disorders, there is no reduction in the availability of striatal D2/D3 receptors in CUD.2,4 Thus, after amphetamine administration, patients with psychosis who consume cannabis suffer a greater exacerbation of symptoms than those who do not use cannabis, though they do not show a higher increase in dopamine release.14 In this sense, it has been suggested that chronic cannabis use could induce post-synaptic super-sensitivity to dopamine.4 Consequently, an increase in the dopamine release, however small, secondary to the CWS, could explain the onset of psychotic symptoms in this neurochemical context.