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Potential of Thermal Imaging to Detect Complications in Diabetes
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
The loss of insulin production leads to improper regulation of the blood glucose levels due to disturbed transport of glucose molecules into cells. The etiology of type I DM is still largely unexplored and ways to prevent it are still a topic of wider research (Rother, 2007). The symptoms of Type I disease are excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, lack of energy, fatigue, and unexplained loss of weight (Facchinetti et al., 2014). Type II DM is also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes. It’s pathomechanisms are explained by both a relative deficiency of insulin and a resistance of target tissues such as liver, muscle, and fat cells against insulin. A simple description of insulin resistance is the diminished effect of a unit of insulin on the quantum of lowering blood glucose. The type II DM mechanism is illustrated in Figure 6.2. Globally, in around 90% of the total population, the Type II DM is most common, and its development is associated with sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of exercise, and obesity (Zimmet et al., 2014). The occurrence of Type II DM could be prevented, or the onset of the disease could be hindered by the lifestyle alteration and administration of oral drugs (Rother, 2007). The symptoms are similar to type I DM but in some cases, they are found to be symptomless and it is quite difficult to determine the onset of the disease (Thirunavukkarasu, Umapathy, Krishnan et al., 2020b). Insulin replacement and cell therapy are widely researched for the treatment of these two types of diabetes disease.
Diabetes
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
Type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the body does not sufficiently produce insulin. Type I diabetes is associated with autoimmune β-cell destruction, which usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency. Type II diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the body does not properly utilize insulin. Type II diabetes is characterized by a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion associated with insulin resistance. Whereas type II diabetes had historically been referred to as adult-onset diabetes, both type I and II diabetes are now observed in both adults and children. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), indicate the presence of elevated blood glucose levels above normal values but below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes. Labels such as prediabetes, non-diabetic hyperglycemia, and intermediate hyperglycemia are also used to classify these conditions.1
Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Two types of diabetes are recognized. type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, previously called childhood diabetes, in which a damaged pancreas does not produce insulin. Treatment for this diabetes requires administration of insulin by injections or by pumps, frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels, and significant changes in eating habits and lifestyle. Type 2diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for 95% of diabetes cases in adults and afflicting over 500 million people worldwide. It used to be called adult-onset diabetes, albeit with the epidemic of obesity in children, more teenagers are now diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In this type of diabetes, the pancreas produces some insulin, but the amount is insufficient and/or there is insulin insensitivity (insulin resistance), mostly in fat, liver, and muscle cells. Although type 2 diabetes is often milder than type 1, it also causes major health complications, particularly in small blood vessels that nourish the kidneys, nerves, and eyes, and it is also associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke. Although there is no cure for type 2 diabetes, it can be controlled with weight management, nutrition, exercise and medications that suppress gluconeogenesis, increase insulin release, or reduce insulin resistance.
Effect of diet with carbohydrate but without daily energy restriction on serum glucose, lactate, and selected mineral and lipid levels in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Osman Sinan Ozsezen, Ismail Meral
Type I diabetes is a disease characterised by an extreme reduction or disappearance of insulin levels produced by beta cells of the pancreas, resulting in complete insulin insufficiency. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing day by day. According to the World Health Organization, in 2000, there were at least 171 million diabetics worldwide, which were accounted about 2.8% of total world population (Rathmann and Giani 2004). Besides, the incidence of diabetes worldwide is rapidly increasing, and it is estimated that by 2030, approximately 330 million people will have diabetes. Although the diabetes is a worldwide disease, it is more common in developing countries (King et al.1998, Guariguata et al.2014). The main treatment of type I diabetes is the injection of synthetic insulin into the body and strict monitoring of blood glucose level. Changes in lifestyle, such as diet and exercise, have gained considerable attention in the treatment of diabetes, especially at the beginning of the disease. Food restriction has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and decrease insulin requirement (Fowler et al.2005, Feinman et al.2015, de Courten et al.2016).
Increased risk of diabetes mellitus five years after an episode of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Marie-Louise Uhre, Nanja Gotland, Haakon Sandholdt, Niels Mejer, Andreas Petersen, Anders Rhod Larsen, Thomas Benfield
Mechanistically, diabetes-induced immune dysfunction, hyperglycemia and angiopathy are believed to predispose to infection [24]. The reverse may also be possible, i.e. an infectious insult may accelerate the progression of a pre-diabetic state to diabetes. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease which causes destruction of β-cells in the pancreas in contrast to type II diabetes which is caused by decreased insulin sensitivity. However, immune activation may be involved in the pathogenesis and development of type II diabetes. Further, studies have suggested that inflammation may induce progressive autoimmunity and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of type I diabetes and may induce type II diabetes due to persistent inflammation [25–27]. We propose that an inflammatory response to S. aureus bacteraemia could itself induce type II diabetes or worsen a prediabetic condition. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the risk of diabetes without complications was higher in the case-cohort compared to the population cohort for the first years following S. aureus bacteraemia after which rates were comparable in the two cohorts.
Collagen type VI interaction improves human islet survival in immunoisolating microcapsules for treatment of diabetes
Published in Islets, 2018
L. Alberto Llacua, Arjan Hoek, Bart J. de Haan, Paul de Vos
Islet transplantation is a promising method to cure patients with type I diabetes. Transplantation of allogeneic pancreatic islets can theoretically regulate glucose levels from a minute-to-minute level,1,2 preventing the development of hypoglycemia and diabetic complications.3 An advantage of implanting pancreatic islets over transplantation of the whole pancreas is that isolated islets can be modulated before transplantation to reduce the risk of graft rejection.4,5 Moreover, islet transplantation is a minimal invasive surgical procedure with short hospitalization periods and can be repeated in cases of graft failure with minor adverse effects.1,6 Isolated islets can also be enveloped in immunoisolating capsules that are impermeable to immunoglobulins and cells of the immune system but allow diffusion of nutrients, glucose, and insulin.6-8 This could potentially lead to avoidance of the need to administer immunosuppressive drugs, which cause unwanted side-effects.9,10 This technology of immunoisolation is subject of intense research, as it would make islet-transplantation available for a larger group of patients with type I diabetes.6,11