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Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
Aromadendrene-type sesquiterpenoids have been found not only in higher plants but also in liverworts and marine sources. Three aromadendrenes (56, 57, 58) were biotransformed by D. gossypina, B. megaterium, and Mycobacterium smegmatis (Abraham et al., 1992). Aromadendrene (56) (800 mg) was converted by B. megaterium to afford a diol (59) and a triol (60) of which 59 (7 mg) was the major product. The triol (60) was also obtained from the metabolite of (+)-(1R)-aromadendrene (56) by the plant pathogen Glomerella cingulata (Miyazawa et al., 1995d). allo-Aromadendrene (57) (1.2 g) was also treated in M. smegmatis to afford 61 (10 mg) (Abraham et al., 1992) (Figure 23.24).
Glycerine Analysis
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
The most common method for establishing the purity of glycerine is the oxidation of glycerine with periodate, followed by acid-base titration of the resulting increase in acidity due to formic acid generation [7]. Small amounts of diols potentially arising from synthetic glycerine manufacture or from enzymic action on crude glycerine do not generate formic acid, and will not interfere. Other triols or carbohydrates are potential interferents, but are not commonly found in crude and refined glycerine. Over the years, assays similar to AOCS method number Ea 6–51 have become the standard criteria of purchasing crude glycerine and verifying the composition of finished glycerine.
Crystallization of Reaction Centers from Rhodobacter Sphaeroides
Published in Hartmut Michel, Crystallization of Membrane Proteins, 1991
James Paul Allen, George Feher
Replacing the detergent βOG with other detergents lead to the growth of new forms, but only in the presence of heptane triol. When RCs were purified with the detergent LDAO and the crystallization conditions were changed from 0.8% βOG to 0.06% LDAO with 3.9% heptane triol crystal form B6 was obtained (see Figure 3). Modification of the LDAO and heptane triol solution lead to the growth of three new forms. (1) Adding either 3% TEAP or 3% β-hexyl glucoside lead to the growth of small squares (form B11, not shown, similar in shape to B5 and B8 but much smaller). (2) After lowering the temperature from 22 to 4°C, a new form, B7, was observed (see Figure 3). The cross section of these crystals viewed down the long axis is identical to that seen in form B1 of Figure 3. (3) The detergent LDAO was replaced with the detergent NDAO, whose carbon chain is C9 rather than C12. RCs in LDAO were dialyzed against 0.5% NDAO; the dialyzed RCs were added to the crystallization solution in which the concentration of NDAO was 2.5%. This lead to the growth of large squares; form B8 (see Figure 3) amid the presence of a large amount of amorphous precipitates.
Plasma levels of oxysterols 7-ketocholesterol and cholestane-3β, 5α, 6β-triol in patients with allergic asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Behnoush Nasr Zanjani, Afshin Samadi, Selen Yilmaz Isikhan, Incilay Lay, Sengul Beyaz, Asli Gelincik, Suna Buyukozturk, Nazli Arda
In examining the results, we found that MDA, AST, and total cholesterol affected 7-KC level. The parameters with a significant effect on C-triol were MDA, Tbil, and total IgE (p < 0.05). A unit increase in MDA caused an average increase of 3.66 units on 7-KC. A unit increase in AST resulted in a 0.59-unit increase in 7-KC. A unit increase in total cholesterol level had a reducing effect of −0.08 units in 7-KC. For C-triol, a unit increase in MDA caused an average 2.84-unit increase in C-triol. While a unit increase in total IgE level increased the average level of C-triol 0.006 times, a unit increase in Tbil decreased the average level of C-triol 0.48 times. However, when the estimation success of the models was evaluated, we find that MDA, AST, and total cholesterol explain 28% of the variability in 7-KC, while MDA, Tbil, and total IgE together explain 47% of the variability in C-triol.
Dynamic analysis of human small intestinal microbiota after an ingestion of fermented milk by small-intestinal fluid perfusion using an endoscopic retrograde bowel insertion technique
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Toshihiko Takada, Daisuke Chinda, Tatsuya Mikami, Kensuke Shimizu, Kosuke Oana, Shiro Hayamizu, Kuniaki Miyazawa, Tetsu Arai, Miyuki Katto, Yusuke Nagara, Hiroshi Makino, Akira Kushiro, Kenji Oishi, Shinsaku Fukuda
A 10-fold dilution of fecal samples was prepared with sterilized PBS, and 1 ml of the diluted fecal solutions and ileal fluids were separately freeze dried with 100 μl of 1 mM 5β-pregnan-3α, 17α, 20α-triol (pregnanetriol: M.W. 336.5, Sigma [cat. no. P8629-100 MG])-methanol added as an internal standard. Then, 5 ml of 99.5% ethanol was added and thermally extracted at 70°C for 2 h. The supernatants after centrifugation at 20,400 x g for 5 min were evaporated to dryness, dissolved with 1 ml of methanol, and these samples were filtered and used to measure bile salts. Bile acid standards were obtained from JASCO Corp. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using an LC-2000 Plus HPLC system (JASCO corp.).56 The bile acids were separated on a Bilepak II separation column (4.6 mm × 125 mm, JASCO [code no. D511]), and the eluted bile acids were selectively detected by an enzymatic reaction using immobilized 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) on an Enzymepak 3α-HSD column (4 mm × 20 mm; JASCO [code no. D512]). Total bile acid concentration was calculated as the sum of individual bile acids. The conjugated/deconjugated and primary/secondary bile acid ratios were calculated for each of the ileal fluids after PEG reached the terminal ileum.
Oxysterol concentrations are associated with cholesterol concentrations and anemia in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2019
Ahmet Yalcinkaya, Afshin Samadi, Incilay Lay, Selma Unal, Suna Sabuncuoglu, Yesim Oztas
The results of the correlation analyses in our study show that plasma 7-KC is negatively correlated with hemoglobin concentrations and positively correlated with LDH concentrations. Even though bilirubin concentrations were not found to be correlated with any of the oxysterols, we believe these results demonstrate an association between oxysterol formation and anemia in SCD, especially considering the pro-eryptotic effects of 7-KC and C-triol. In support of this finding, a study by Kulig et al. reported that oxysterols, especially ring-oxidized sterols (such as 7-KC and C-triol), significantly disrupt the structure of lipid membranes. They showed that sterols with ring oxidation would be more prone to tilting within the lipid bi-layer, leading to disruption of membrane structure [25]. As such, the increase in 7-KC concentration may exhibit adverse effects on the erythrocyte membrane (in addition to causing eryptosis) which could explain the correlations found between 7-KC and the concentrations of hemoglobin and LDH in our study. We also found a moderate negative correlation between C-triol and HDL cholesterol concentrations which implies that the hypocholesterolemia seen in SCD may be associated with C-triol concentrations and/or the pathological consequences leading to its production. However, to our knowledge, there is currently no conclusive evidence that C-triol or 5,6 epoxides (formed before transformation to C-triol) contribute to cholesterol synthesis. Therefore, with current data, it is impossible to conclude that the increase in C-triol concentrations are indeed associated with the reduction in HDL cholesterol [18].