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Gastrointestinal system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
6.25. In which of the following conditions are fat droplets likely to be observed in the faeces?Coeliac disease.Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.Intestinal lymphangiectasia.Pancreatic achylia (Schwachman's syndrome).Biliary atresia.
Gastrointestinal Tract Development and Its Importance in Toxicology
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Alma M. Feldpausch, Joseph V. Rodricks, Rosalind A. Schoof, Brittany A. Weldon
By week 10, a fully differentiated spectrum of endocrine cell types is present in the stomach and duodenum. Sucrase-isomaltase, maltase, and trehalase enzymes are present in the small intestine at 60%–70% of adult levels. Substance P and neurokinin A can be detected in the stomach also at week 10. The gut epithelial barrier develops tight intercellular junctions beginning at week 10, contributing largely to immune function (Maheshwari and Zemlin, 2006). Intestinal epithelial cells also have significant immune functions, including expression of HLA-I and HLA-DR, acting as non-professional antigen-presenting cells (and transferring antigen to lymphoid follicles and Peyer’s patches below), and exhibiting receptors to facilitate immunoglobulin transport.
Carbohydrate and glycosylation disorders
Published in Steve Hannigan, Inherited Metabolic Diseases: A Guide to 100 Conditions, 2018
Sucrase isomaltase deiciency is a rare disorder characterised by a deiciency or absence of sucrase and isomaltase enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Sucrose (table sugar) and isomaltase (a form of starch) cannot be broken down and absorbed. As a result, undigested sugars remain in the intestine and are fermented in the colon, causing diarrhoea. At least five types of sucrase isomaltase deficiency have been documented.
Sucrose intolerance in adults with common functional gastrointestinal symptoms
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Christine L. Frissora, Satish S. C. Rao
About 70% of the adult population is affected by some form of carbohydrate malabsorption. Sucrose malabsorption may be more prevalent than previously recognized.1 Sucrose intolerance, caused by a deficiency in sucrase enzyme activity in the small intestine, presents with postprandial cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. These are common symptoms that are often attributed to functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). There are increasing reports of patients diagnosed with IBS whose symptoms are actually due, at least in part, to carbohydrate malabsorption, including sucrose.2–5 Sucrose intolerance due to congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID) is rare. Secondary or acquired sucrose intolerance is more common and caused by intestinal brush border injury. The gold standard test for sucrase deficiency is the sucrase enzyme activity assay from duodenal biopsies. Alternatively, the sucrose breath test is a noninvasive way to diagnose sucrose malabsorption.6 When sucrase deficiency is detected, a trial therapy of dietary modification and enzyme replacement therapy can be initiated. Our objective was to describe our clinical experience with a large group of adult patients presenting with chronic GI symptoms who were screened for sucrose malabsorption using breath testing and to discuss clinical outcomes in a subgroup who were followed up in our clinic.
Antihistamines-refractory chronic pruritus in psoriatic patients undergoing biologics: aprepitant vs antihistamine double dosage, a real-world data
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Giovanni Damiani, Khalaf Kridin, Alessia Pacifico, Piergiorgio Malagoli, Paolo D. M. Pigatto, Renata Finelli, Fabio S. Taccone, Lorenzo Peluso, Rosalynn R. Z. Conic, Nicola L. Bragazzi, Marco Fiore
Exclusion criteria comprehended: (i) pediatric patients (<18 years) or pregnant woman, (ii) different type of psoriasis (i.e. erythrodermic psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis, pustular psoriasis, drug-induced psoriasis), (iii) the presence of acute or chronic infections (HIV, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis), (iv) renal, hepatic or metabolic conditions able to induce pruritus, (v) other concomitant autoimmune/auto-inflammatory conditions except psoriatic arthritis or psoriatic spondylitis, (vi) concomitant dermatoses, atopic background, or even history of positive patch test, (vii) drugs recently introduced (<3 months) or capable to trigger pruritus, (viii) use of medical contraceptives, (ix) hereditary fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency, (x) ongoing therapies with pimozide, terfenadine, astemizolo, cisapride, or ergot derivates, (xi) active disease or even history of psychiatric diagnoses, (xii) VAS <6mm.
Discovery of differentially expressed genes in the intestines of Pelteobagrus vachellii within a light/dark cycle
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Chuanjie Qin, Jiaxian Sun, Jun Wang, Yongwang Han, He Yang, Qingchao Shi, Yunyun Lv, Peng Hu
The rodent facilitated fructose transporters GLUT, GLUT2, and GLUT5, and the Na-glucose transporter SGLT1, display peak expression at night, and in clock mutant mice (Fatima et al. 2009), however, these nutrient transporters lost their circadian rhythms (Pan and Hussain 2009). Similarly, nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) plasma glucose levels showed a daily rhythm, with the achrophase shifted by 12 h when fed once a day at 11:00 h and at 23:00 h (Guerra-Santos et al. 2016). In the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), increased amylase activity was observed a few hours before mealtime with periodic feeding (Montoya et al. 2010). These studies suggested that the transport of glucose in the intestines is regulated rhythmically. In the present study, the maltase-glucoamylase, sucrase-isomaltase, showed regulated expression during the night. Similarly, amylase activity also showed a daily rhythm in the mid-intestines of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (del Pozo et al. 2012), and the amylase of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) showed a clear daily rhythm when fed at midday or midnight (Silva Reis et al. 2019); however, activity peaked at night. Moreover, similar to rodents, the genes encoding sodium/glucose cotransporters 1 and 4, facilitated glucose transporter member 6-like, and facilitated glucose transporter member 11 showed regulated expression at night. The upregulated expression of these genes suggested that more glucose might be transported from lumen into the blood at night.