China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gastrointestinal system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
6.25. In which of the following conditions are fat droplets likely to be observed in the faeces?Coeliac disease.Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.Intestinal lymphangiectasia.Pancreatic achylia (Schwachman's syndrome).Biliary atresia.
Gastrointestinal Tract Development and Its Importance in Toxicology
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Alma M. Feldpausch, Joseph V. Rodricks, Rosalind A. Schoof, Brittany A. Weldon
By week 10, a fully differentiated spectrum of endocrine cell types is present in the stomach and duodenum. Sucrase-isomaltase, maltase, and trehalase enzymes are present in the small intestine at 60%–70% of adult levels. Substance P and neurokinin A can be detected in the stomach also at week 10. The gut epithelial barrier develops tight intercellular junctions beginning at week 10, contributing largely to immune function (Maheshwari and Zemlin, 2006). Intestinal epithelial cells also have significant immune functions, including expression of HLA-I and HLA-DR, acting as non-professional antigen-presenting cells (and transferring antigen to lymphoid follicles and Peyer’s patches below), and exhibiting receptors to facilitate immunoglobulin transport.
Carbohydrate and glycosylation disorders
Published in Steve Hannigan, Inherited Metabolic Diseases: A Guide to 100 Conditions, 2018
Sucrase isomaltase deiciency is a rare disorder characterised by a deiciency or absence of sucrase and isomaltase enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Sucrose (table sugar) and isomaltase (a form of starch) cannot be broken down and absorbed. As a result, undigested sugars remain in the intestine and are fermented in the colon, causing diarrhoea. At least five types of sucrase isomaltase deficiency have been documented.
Antihistamines-refractory chronic pruritus in psoriatic patients undergoing biologics: aprepitant vs antihistamine double dosage, a real-world data
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Giovanni Damiani, Khalaf Kridin, Alessia Pacifico, Piergiorgio Malagoli, Paolo D. M. Pigatto, Renata Finelli, Fabio S. Taccone, Lorenzo Peluso, Rosalynn R. Z. Conic, Nicola L. Bragazzi, Marco Fiore
Exclusion criteria comprehended: (i) pediatric patients (<18 years) or pregnant woman, (ii) different type of psoriasis (i.e. erythrodermic psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis, pustular psoriasis, drug-induced psoriasis), (iii) the presence of acute or chronic infections (HIV, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis), (iv) renal, hepatic or metabolic conditions able to induce pruritus, (v) other concomitant autoimmune/auto-inflammatory conditions except psoriatic arthritis or psoriatic spondylitis, (vi) concomitant dermatoses, atopic background, or even history of positive patch test, (vii) drugs recently introduced (<3 months) or capable to trigger pruritus, (viii) use of medical contraceptives, (ix) hereditary fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency, (x) ongoing therapies with pimozide, terfenadine, astemizolo, cisapride, or ergot derivates, (xi) active disease or even history of psychiatric diagnoses, (xii) VAS <6mm.
The safety of available treatment options for short bowel syndrome and unmet needs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Loris Pironi, Emanuel Raschi, Anna Simona Sasdelli
Safety of medications is a multi-faceted issue, and two main aspects should be mentioned: 1) intrinsic toxicity of the active substance, caused by the mechanism of drug action, with on- and off-target effects depending on relevant receptor selectivity; 2) detrimental effects by nutritional supplements (e.g. vitamins and electrolytes) due to interference with the absorption of concomitant drugs and/or suboptimal restoration of deficiencies. In this scenario, routine monitoring of vitamins, calcium, potassium and magnesium, as well as plasma concentrations of drug with narrow therapeutic index (e.g. levothyroxine) are required. Gastric hypersecretion and lack of sufficient contact time with the intestinal mucosa leads to insufficient absorption of drugs such as omeprazole and loperamide, thus higher-than-recommended doses may be warranted [21]. Furthermore, clinicians should consider that excipients, usually considered to be inert from a pharmacological point of view, may pose safety concerns, especially, sucrose, saccharin and lactose [22]. Caution is needed in case of drug switches (including generic drugs) to prevent the occurrence of unwanted side effects: relevant SPCs of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), loperamide, and prokinetics contain specific precautions to avoid their use in case of intolerance to some sugars, rare hereditary problems of galactose/fructose intolerance, sucrose-isomaltase insufficiency, the lactase deficiency typically observed among Lapp people or glucose-galactose malabsorption [22].
Microencapsulation: a pragmatic approach towards delivery of probiotics in gut
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Rabia Iqbal, Atif Liaqat, Muhammad Farhan Jahangir Chughtai, Saira Tanweer, Saima Tehseen, Samreen Ahsan, Muhammad Nadeem, Tariq Mehmood, Syed Junaid Ur Rehman, Kanza Saeed, Nimra Sameed, Shoaib Aziz, Assam Bin Tahir, Adnan Khaliq
All encapsulating materials retain an appreciable amount of active agent, but alginate, XT, and carrageenan gums show improved results than guar gum. Thus, it can be concluded that micro-encapsulation in alginate, XT, and carrageenan coating materials have greater stability effects on probiotic bacteria under acidic and bile salt conditions as compared to guar gum. Various coating materials like corn syrup, sucrose, trehalose, and malto-dextrin belonging to category of oligosaccharides can be used for encapsulation purposes. Sathyabama et al. (2014) were pioneer scientists who conducted the first work to use oligosaccharides as coating material for the encapsulation of S. succinus MAbB4 and E. fecium FIdM3 and checked the viability of these prepared microbeads in GIT conditions and compared with the free cells (Sathyabama et al.2014, Peredo et al.2016). It is also reported that isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMOs) in beverages, drink and dairy products is mainly applicable for sugar replacement, slow energy release and to provide proper organoleptic functionality IMOs, compared to FOS and GOS, provide very complementary functional and nutritional assets are partially digested by isomaltase in the jejunum and the residual oligosaccharides fermented by colonic microbes. Hence, IMOs are considered slowly digestible oligosaccharides as well as slowly fermentation prebiotics (Sorndech et al.2018).