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Gastrointestinal system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
6.25. In which of the following conditions are fat droplets likely to be observed in the faeces?Coeliac disease.Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.Intestinal lymphangiectasia.Pancreatic achylia (Schwachman's syndrome).Biliary atresia.
Carbohydrates
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of one unit of glucose and a unit of fructose and it is digested by the enzyme sucrase, which is located on the absorptive surface of the small intestine. Sucrose is found in several fruits and vegetables and is present in large quantities in sugar beet and sugar cane from which it is extracted and purified on a vast industrial scale. Sucrose is readily available in highly purified or partly purified forms (e.g. white sugar, brown sugars, treacle or syrup). It is also very widely used by food processors to sweeten, preserve and to texturise a variety of foods. The terms sucrose and sugar are often used as if they are synonymous.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
Very little lactose is found in the milk of monotremes. It is partly substituted by fucosyllactose in the echidna and by difucosyllactose in the platypus (Ornithorhyncus anatinus).964 Accordingly, the activity of lactase is very low in the intestine of the young monotremes and sucrase is lacking entirely.700
Sucrose intolerance in adults with common functional gastrointestinal symptoms
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Christine L. Frissora, Satish S. C. Rao
About 70% of the adult population is affected by some form of carbohydrate malabsorption. Sucrose malabsorption may be more prevalent than previously recognized.1 Sucrose intolerance, caused by a deficiency in sucrase enzyme activity in the small intestine, presents with postprandial cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhea. These are common symptoms that are often attributed to functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). There are increasing reports of patients diagnosed with IBS whose symptoms are actually due, at least in part, to carbohydrate malabsorption, including sucrose.2–5 Sucrose intolerance due to congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID) is rare. Secondary or acquired sucrose intolerance is more common and caused by intestinal brush border injury. The gold standard test for sucrase deficiency is the sucrase enzyme activity assay from duodenal biopsies. Alternatively, the sucrose breath test is a noninvasive way to diagnose sucrose malabsorption.6 When sucrase deficiency is detected, a trial therapy of dietary modification and enzyme replacement therapy can be initiated. Our objective was to describe our clinical experience with a large group of adult patients presenting with chronic GI symptoms who were screened for sucrose malabsorption using breath testing and to discuss clinical outcomes in a subgroup who were followed up in our clinic.
Antihistamines-refractory chronic pruritus in psoriatic patients undergoing biologics: aprepitant vs antihistamine double dosage, a real-world data
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Giovanni Damiani, Khalaf Kridin, Alessia Pacifico, Piergiorgio Malagoli, Paolo D. M. Pigatto, Renata Finelli, Fabio S. Taccone, Lorenzo Peluso, Rosalynn R. Z. Conic, Nicola L. Bragazzi, Marco Fiore
Exclusion criteria comprehended: (i) pediatric patients (<18 years) or pregnant woman, (ii) different type of psoriasis (i.e. erythrodermic psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis, pustular psoriasis, drug-induced psoriasis), (iii) the presence of acute or chronic infections (HIV, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis), (iv) renal, hepatic or metabolic conditions able to induce pruritus, (v) other concomitant autoimmune/auto-inflammatory conditions except psoriatic arthritis or psoriatic spondylitis, (vi) concomitant dermatoses, atopic background, or even history of positive patch test, (vii) drugs recently introduced (<3 months) or capable to trigger pruritus, (viii) use of medical contraceptives, (ix) hereditary fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency, (x) ongoing therapies with pimozide, terfenadine, astemizolo, cisapride, or ergot derivates, (xi) active disease or even history of psychiatric diagnoses, (xii) VAS <6mm.
The challenges of oral drug delivery via nanocarriers
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Jonas Reinholz, Katharina Landfester, Volker Mailänder
However, the oral dosage form also has several drawbacks. Before the orally applied drug is able to reach its target, in most instances it needs to overcome multiple compartments of the human body, which is challenging for a broad spectrum of pharmaceuticals, especially for protein- or peptide-based ones. In general, the first major challenge for the drug after ingestion is surviving the harsh acidic pH value in the stomach. In addition, the proteases pepsin and cathepsin start to digest proteins into peptides. Once the drug surpasses the stomach and enters the small intestine via the duodenum, it faces the major enzymatic digestion machinery of the human body. Oligosaccharides and maltose are degraded into glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose via sucrase, maltase, and lactase. Lipids are cleaved into glycerol and fatty acids via the pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase and carboxyl ester lipase. Peptides are digested into amino acids via trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase, and aminopeptidase.