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Advanced Cell Therapy for Asherman's Syndrome
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Jordi Ventura, Xavier Santamaria
One of the most widely used techniques to rapidly identify stem cells is the use of the fluorescent DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 in the cells, and the subsequent evaluation of the Side Population (SP) by flow cytometry. This is possible because stem cells can efficiently efflux the dye, due to a greater quantity of ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters than are present in cells without stem cell properties (40,41). This technique has been widely used to identify stem cells from the endometrium, with the presence of endothelial, stromal, and epithelial cells, but with a clear predominance of endothelial cells (42–45).
Targeted Therapy for Cancer Stem Cells
Published in Surinder K. Batra, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy, Gene Regulation and Therapeutics for Cancer, 2021
Rama Krishna Nimmakayala, Saswati Karmakar, Garima Kaushik, Sanchita Rauth, Srikanth Barkeer, Saravanakumar Marimuthu, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
ABC transporters comprise 49 members, which are classified into seven gene subfamilies (ABCA-G). Most of these act as active transporters (ATP dependent) and mediate the transport of substances through the plasma membrane and intracellular membrane. Several transporters are involved in the efflux of certain chemotherapeutic drugs leading to multidrug resistance (MDR) of CSC population. The most well studied MDR family members include ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2. Those cells, which efflux Hoechst 33342 dye through ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters, were identified as drug-resistant side population (SP) or CSCs [11, 12]. Primarily, four pathways regulate drug resistance genes in CSCs: HH, Wnt/β-catenin, EGFR, and Notch signaling pathways [13, 14].
Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche: Lethal Seeds in Lethal Soil
Published in Brian Leyland-Jones, Pharmacogenetics of Breast Cancer, 2020
Danuta Balicki, Brian Leyland-Jones, Max S. Wicha
In addition to chemoresistance, progenitor cells may also be resistant to radiation. This radioresistance has been shown in an animal model to be mediated at least in part by Wnt signaling, which has been implicated in stem cell survival (36). Radioresistance was investigated by treating primary BALB/c mouse mammary epithelial cells with clinically relevant doses of radiation. An enrichment in normal progenitor cells [stem cell antigen (SCA) 1-positive and side population progenitors] was identified.
Towards Lacrimal Gland Regeneration: Current Concepts and Experimental Approaches
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Jana Dietrich, Stefan Schrader
In general, side population (SP) cells were considered as a heterogenous stem cell population, as they exhibit stem cell activities and encompass embryonic stem cells populations. Mishima et al. isolated these cells from the lacrimal and salivary gland and verified further stem cell characteristics by the expression of ABCG2 and Sca-168 In addition, putative lacrimal gland epithelial stem/progenitor cells investigated by Spaniol et al. also comprised SP cells, which further indicate the stem cell character of SP cells (see also the section “Lacrimal Gland Resident Stem Cells”).38 SP cells were transplanted into irradiation damaged lacrimal glands and could restore tear secretion, which was comparable to that of healthy mice, after 8 weeks. Transplantation was performed two weeks after irradiation. In subsequent experiments, the authors postulated that clusterin contributes to the therapeutic effects, as the expression of clusterin was significantly higher in transplanted glands. Furthermore, the transplantation of SP cells from clusterin-deficient mice failed to recover the salivary gland function. However, data demonstrating that lacrimal gland function also requires clusterin are missing. In addition, detailed histological examination of functional acinar tissue needs to further confirm the benefit of SP cell transplantation for lacrimal gland regeneration. Nevertheless, the study provided a potential therapeutic approach towards lacrimal gland regeneration, which should be further investigated.
Lung regeneration using amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Alireza Azargoon, Babak Negahdari
There is limited knowledge on lung mesenchymal precursors. However, there is report that small populations of resident lung cells that expresses certain phenotypic characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with progenitor capacity exist within the lung. For example, resident lung “side population” (SP) cells have been isolated, they possess both epithelial and mesenchymal potential [26–28]. These SP cells have been found to be resident at all levels of the airway tree, exhibiting a relatively constant phenotype, regardless of their source of isolation [28]. Even though, it has been confirmed that these SP cells are a source of adult lung MSCs [27], the role of SP cells in endogenous lung repair is yet to be fully understood. In addition, McQualter et al. described an endogenous population of fibroblastic progenitor cells with clonogenic ability in adult lung, which are mostly representative of MSC lineages [29].
Overview and recent advances in the targeting of medulloblastoma cancer stem cells
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2021
An early method of characterizing a CSC population was through identification of a ‘side population,’ using the cell-permeable DNA binding dye Hoechst 33,342. A side population which has high levels of ABCG2 transporters pumps out Hoechst 33,342, defining a stem cell-enriched population [70]. This method has been used to identify putative CSC populations in several cancer types [71,72–74]. Since identification of side populations is less reliable and often inconsistent, side population analyses may remain a complimentary approach to any future CSC profiling but are unlikely to stand alone.