Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The special care baby
Published in Anne McFadyen, Special care babies and their developing relationships, 2019
So what are the differences between a term infant and a preterm infant? Neurologically, they are less mature; they may not be equipped with the usual reflexes of the newborn, which probably serve to assist the infant in the birth process and protect it from noxious stimuli. The sucking reflex in particular appears later, and is preceded by the rooting reflex.
The Neurological Examination
Published in Richard A. Jonas, Jane W. Newburger, Joseph J. Volpe, John W. Kirklin, Brain Injury and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 2019
Evaluation of sensory function is not a part of the usual neonatal neurological examination. The premature infant at 28 weeks gestation is able to discriminate touch and pain. Touch results in an increased level of alertness and slight motor activity, while pain results in withdrawal and cry response. The rooting reflex is established by 32 weeks gestation. By approximately 36 weeks there is rapid turning of the head away from pinprick over the side of the face.
Human development
Published in Bhaskar Punukollu, Michael Phelan, Anish Unadkat, MRCPsych Part 1 In a Box, 2019
Bhaskar Punukollu, Michael Phelan, Anish Unadkat
Birth to 1 month:Hand to mouth reflex.Grasping reflex.Rooting reflex.Moro reflex.Babinski reflex.Responds to mother’s face.
Lessons From New York’s Dementia Directive and Applications to Withholding Oral Feedings
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2019
It is generally agreed that those suffering from such an advanced stage of dementia no longer have a mind to change. Very soon Gertrude will be unable to swallow what is put into her mouth—she will “forget” how to swallow. If food is brought toward her mouth without touching the spoon to her mouth, it is likely her mouth will not open. The need to touch the spoon to her mouth before it opens suggests this is a primitive reflex, similar to the rooting reflex seen in infants who turn their mouths toward a soft touch on their cheek or mouth. It would be hard to argue she is “deciding” to eat when she is unable to respond in any way to her long-time partner who visits regularly.
Letter to the Editor
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
In the Lin 2016 [4] single-case study, tape was applied to the OO with approximately 15% stretch on a preterm infant with delayed swallowing reflex, poor lip closure, and rooting reflex combined with the dysfunction grade of jaw movement. After the kinesio taping treatment of the OO, the mylohyoid, sternohyoid,and masseter muscles were also taped and the tape was changed every second day for a week. The infant’s sucking function was improved with good lip closure. One week later, the infant was discharged without the use of an oral gastric tube.
A Newborn with Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2019
Yiting Du, Rong Ju, Yufeng Xi, Peng Gou
This male infant was brought to our hospital with hypoglycemia that developed 5 minutes after birth. He was the mother's first child, delivered at 42 weeks, his weight was 4420 g. The child’s Apgar scale scores at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after birth were 9, 10, and 10, respectively. His mother had gestational diabetes mellitus. Physical examination revealed the following: temperature of 36.6 °C, pulse of 142 beats/minute, slightly elevated respiration rate of 49 breaths/min, head circumference of 37 cm, mature full-term appearance, good responses, strong cry, anterior fontanel measuring 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm and a flat, ruddy appearance to his face. There were no signs of cardiac, lung or abdominal abnormalities on physical examination. The muscle tension of his extremities was normal. The four main primitive reflexes including moro reflex, grasp reflex, sucking reflex, and rooting reflex, could be drawn out completely. His peripheral blood glucose level at 30 minutes after birth was 1.7 mmol/l; intravenous blood glucose in normal healthy newborns should not be lower than 2.2 mmol/l regardless of gestational age [4]. After admission, he had a serum blood glucose level of 0.39 mmol/l, normal electrolyte levels, a fasting insulin level of 59.17 mU/l (fasting insulin < 10mU/l) [5]. His progesterone, testosterone levels, cortisol levels, thyroid function, blood ammonia, complete blood count, and urinary metabolism were normal. There were no abnormal changes observed on bilateral adrenal ultrasound, thyroid ultrasound, pancreatic ultrasound or pancreatic plain and enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans. He received continuous intravenous infusion of glucose at a rate of 13 mg/kg/min after admission. His intake of formula with 10% sugar was gradually increased to complete feeding, and he received hydrocortisone injections. Poor blood sugar control was noted. Diazoxide was administered up to 15 mg/kg/d for 7 days, but hypoglycemia was frequent, and his blood sugar levels fluctuated between 1.1 and 3.5 mmol/l. The treatment was changed to octreotide acetate for 6 days at a dose of 7.2 μg/kg.d. The intravenous administration of cellulose was gradually reduced, and his blood sugar level fluctuated between 3.6 and 5.8 mmol/l. The child was discharged from the hospital to his parents, fed exclusively with formula containing 10% sugar, and administered subcutaneous injections of octreotide acetate. The dose of octreotide acetate was adjusted to 20 μg/kg.d after outpatient follow-up. His blood sugar level, liver function and kidney function were normal. [18F]6-Fluoro-3, 4-dihydroxy- L-Phenylalanine Positron Emission Computed Tomography (18F-DOPA-PECT) of the pancreas was not obtained. In summary, the child was diagnosed with ATP-sensitive potassium channel congenital hyperinsulinemia (KATP-HI) according to the CHI diagnostic criteria [6].