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Healthy Cooking Techniques
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Joel J. Schaefer, Mary Schaefer
Some oils can withstand much higher temperatures than others. Fry with an oil that has a high smoke point. Heating oil to the point where the oil begins to smoke produces toxic fumes and harmful free radicals, unstable atoms that can cause oxidative damage in the body, contributing to a number of different diseases including dementia, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (Figure 10.7).
Measuring Oxidative Damage and Redox Signalling
Published in James N. Cobley, Gareth W. Davison, Oxidative Eustress in Exercise Physiology, 2022
James N. Cobley, Gareth W. Davison
Key interpretational points are threefold. First, the absolute steady state of a biomarker is in dynamic equilibrium with formation and repair mechanisms (Murphy et al., 2011). A change could simply reflect differential repair (Cobley et al., 2017), as opposed to increased damage, especially if repair consumes ATP. For example, exercise-induced ATP demand could deprive sulphiredoxin of the ATP needed to reverse sulphinic (SO2) acid oxidation, which could lead to some proteins becoming irrevocably inactivated (Akter et al., 2018). Likewise, any change at the tissue or systemic level could simply reflect differential efflux. Second, far from being inert end-points, many oxidative macromolecule adducts are bioactive (Niki, 2012). For example, 4-HNE, a lipid peroxidation metabolite, can oxidise protein thiols by Michael addition or Schiff base formation, which could enact redox signalling (Zhang and Forman, 2017). Oxidative damage and redox signalling can, therefore, interact (Cobley et al., 2015a, b; Margaritelis et al., 2016a, b). Third, without functional annotation or appropriate reporters (e.g., enzyme assays ideally with and without selective removal of the modification), it is difficult to infer the biological meaning of any oxidative damage observed. Without corroborating evidence, it is unwise to conclude, especially from a single surrogate, that exercise-induced oxidative damage is functionally significant.
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
G. Sindhu, Chithra K. Pushpan, A. Helen
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species like hydroxyl radical (.OH), superoxide (O2.-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO.), peroxynitrite (ONOO-) are some of the powerful free radicals involved in causing damage to biological molecules (Sergio Di Meo et al., 2016) causing oxidative modification and even resulting in complete damage of cells. Antioxidants scavenge the radicals, protecting the cells from oxidation and therefore an increased intake of antioxidants would reduce the oxidative damage caused by the free radicals (Xu et al., 2017). Antioxidants are present in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. The main bioactive compounds in plants studied for their antioxidant properties in plants are polyphenols that include flavonoids, anthocyanins, etc., carotenoids like xanthophyll and carotenes, and some vitamins like vitamin C. These compounds have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities (Deng et al., 2012; Li et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2017).
Investigation of the phytochemical composition and remedial effects of southern grape hyacinth (Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.) plant extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Aysegul Eroglu, Abdulahad Dogan
Antioxidants are important protective substances, which scavenge free radicals, protect against oxidative damage, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Non-enzymatic GSH and enzymatic GST, GPx, and SOD play important role by eliminating negative effects of ROS in organisms. As seen in Figure 5, while the GSH, GST, and SOD levels in the CCl4 group decreased significantly when compared to the control group, the enzyme values in the groups fed the MAP, MB, and silymarin, in addition to the CCl4 treatment, were found to be close to those of the control group. This showed that the compounds in the M. neglectum plant may have antioxidant and stomach protective effects against CCl4-induced OS. There are almost no in vivo studies on M. neglectum. However, it has been reported that compounds with similar contents to our plant cause an increase in GST, SOD and GPx activities by reducing CCI4-induced oxidative damage (Hsouna et al.2020). Palanivel et al. (2008) stated that ethanolic extract of Pisonia aculeate showed hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect against CCl4 induced liver toxicity in rats by increase in GST, GPx, and SOD enzyme activities.
Metabolic and pharmacological profiling of Penicillium claviforme by a combination of experimental and bioinformatic approaches
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zafar Ali Shah, Khalid Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Tariq Masood, Hassan A. Hemeg, Abdur Rauf
Oxidative damage is a major aetiological aspect implicated in numerous chronic human diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, ageing, neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. Mushrooms are rich sources of antioxidant compounds that can help to reduce oxidative damage. It is reported in the literature that both the extract and the metabolites of fungi show potent radical scavenging effects, therefore, the antioxidant activity of both the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging protocol [65]. A linear correlation was observed between the antioxidant potential of P. claviforme extract and the concentration of extract. The highest antioxidant potential was noted for 75 and 100 µgml−1 concentrations of ethyl acetate extract, with no significant variation in percent radical scavenging activity (%RSA). In the case of n-hexane fraction, the highest significant %RSA calculated was 65.03 at 100 µgml−1 (Table 4).
Antioxidant supplements relieve insulin resistance but do not improve lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Ruye Wang, Chenyun Miao, Yun Chen, Ying Zhao, Liuqing Yang, Wei Cheng, Qin Zhang
Antioxidants are biological and chemical compounds that play a crucial role in both food systems and the human body to reduce oxidative damage [11]. They are a group of organic nutrients that include vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids [12]. Antioxidants can be classified as enzymatic or non-enzymatic, and most dietary supplements are classified as non-enzymatic antioxidants [13]. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include minerals containing selenium and zinc and phenolic compounds such as vitamin E, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol [14], which are ubiquitous in the diet, especially in vegetables and fruits. In addition, antioxidant supplements include those which cannot be classified, such as Omega-3 fatty acids which are known to prevent heart disease and improve diabetic complications, and endogenous antioxidants such as coenzyme Q-10 and melatonin which are used as supplements to prevent or treat specific chronic and degenerative diseases [15].