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Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Foods and Beverages
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Dosa is reported to cure rheumatism and neural disorders.45 Due to fermentation of the substrates, the net protein utilization and biological value is reported to improve in the dhokla.5 Due to low glycemic index, dhokla is advised for consumption by diabetic patients, it also has potential to reduce blood cholesterols thus reduces the risk of cardiovascular disorders. Seera is advised to be consumed especially by individuals suffering from jaundice or hepatitis. Since, bhaati jaanr has high calorific value and is inexpensive, it is mainly consumed by postnatal women and ailing old people to gain strength and energy. Haria or
Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Annona squamosa (Sugar Apple)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Abhidha Kohli, Taufeeq Ahmad, Sachidanand Singh
Phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts of A. squamosa reveal the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc, and selenium. Vitamins such as A, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin) and B9 (folic acid), C (Ascorbic acid), and E, are present in appreciable concentrations in A. squamosa leaves (Shukry et al., 2019; Kumar et al., 2021). These nutritional components help maintain healthy teeth, bones, muscles, prevent blood-clotting, regulate blood pressure, maintain nerve function, immune system health, and energy metabolism (Shukry et al., 2019). A. squamosa fruit pulp showed good nutritional value in normal and induced diabetic rabbits which conferred controlled body weight; an improved protein efficiency ratio, digestibility coefficient, and biological value and net protein utilization in normal, healthy and diabetic subjects (Gupta et al., 2005b).
Acute and sublethal effects of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Rajib Majumder, Anilava Kaviraj
Bioassays were conducted in 400 L outdoor cement vat each with a 3-cm thick layer of uncontaminated soil mixed with cow dung at the bottom. The vats were then filled with water and kept undisturbed for one month, which ensured growth of planktons as the natural food for the test fish. Thirty numbers of fingerlings of O. niloticus, irrespective of sex, were stocked in each vat and were acclimatized for one week before the start of the experiments. Altogether nine vats were arranged according to randomized block design so that fingerlings could be reared in three replicates for each of the three test concentrations (0, 12.0, and 25.0 µg/L) of chlorpyrifos (20% EC). Treatments of the chlorpyrifos were made on day 1 of the experiment (initial treatment) and 20% of the test medium was renewed at 10 days interval. The experiment was continued for 90 days. During the experiments the fish were hand fed, daily at 8.0 A.M. and 4.0 P.M., a formulated diet containing 30% crude protein up to apparent satiation of the fish. Observations were made daily on the behavior and mortality of the experimental fish. Water samples were collected from each vat every 15 days and dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, temperature, total hardness and total alkalinity of the sampled water were determined by standard method (APHA 1995). All fish sampled at the end of 90 days and length (cm) and weight (g) of the sampled fish were recorded. Three sampled fish from each vat were subjected to biochemical analyzes to determine crude protein, crude lipid and ash content of the fish following the AOAC method (Helrich 1990). Growth was determined from percent increase in weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) using standard formulae (Bagenal 1978, Castell and Tiews 1980, Adams and Mclean 1985, Steffens 1989).