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Human Gut Microbiota–Transplanted Gn Pig Models for HRV Infection
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
Concentrations of α-1-antitrypsin, myeloperoxidase, and regenerating islet-derived protein 1 beta (REG1B) in SIC and LIC were measured using porcine-specific ELISAs. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a serum protein that is not present in the stool unless there is increased gut permeability (Ali et al., 2016). Myeloperoxidase is released from activated neutrophils and is an indicator of inflammation (Ali et al., 2016). REG1B is a pro-proliferative antiapoptotic protein secreted by damaged enterocytes and is involved in tissue repair, cell growth, and regeneration (Donowitz et al., 2016; Peterson et al., 2013). There were no significant differences between the two pig groups at PID28 or PCD7. When compared to those of the two human infants (Table 11.4), the α-1-antitrypsin and myeloperoxidase concentrations were even lower than the HHGM, suggesting that no enteropathy developed in the pigs.
Medicinal Potential of Fenugreek in Neuropathy and Neuroinflammation Associated Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Aman Upaganlawar, Chandrashekhar Upasani, Mayur B. Kale
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) has been reported to play an important role in neuroinflammation following neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke (Pravalika et al. 2018). Trigonelline (100 mg/kg), post-ischemia administration, demonstrated excellent neuroprotection to the middle cerebral artery and related neuroinflammation (inhibition of glutathione-mediated MPO, cerebral infarction, motor, and neurological development deficits) (Pravalika et al. 2019).
Evaluation of the Dermal Irritancy of Chemicals
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
More recently, analyses of other enzymes have been advocated for measurement of cutaneous inflammation. Bradley et al.77 and Kensler et al.78 reported on the quantitation of myeloperoxidase for assessing dermal inflammation. The accumulation of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) is a prominent feature in many inflammatory conditions. An ability to estimate the quantity of neutrophils in inflamed tissue might prove useful in judging the intensity of inflammation or the effect of experimental or therapeutic regimens in altering the inflammatory response. Myeloperoxidase is a plentiful constituent of neutrophils, amplifies the reactivity of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide generated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and is located within the primary granules. Myeloperoxidase activity has been shown to increase 15-fold in the skin by 16 h after treatment with a phorbol diester.78 To completely extract myeloperoxidase from neutrophils or skin, hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide is used to solubilize the enzyme, which is then quantitated spectrophotometrically. The enzyme level is directly related to the number of neutrophils present. In addition to peroxidases, it is possible one could also measure changes in skin superoxide dismutase, an enzyme found in tissue, including red blood cells, which catalytically scavenges the toxic free radical superoxide anion (O2-).
Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2023
Drake W. Phelps, Anika I. Palekar, Haleigh E. Conley, Giuliano Ferrero, Jacob H. Driggers, Keith E. Linder, Seth W. Kullman, David M. Reif, M. Katie Sheats, Jamie C. DeWitt, Jeffrey A. Yoder
Finally, to investigate potential mechanisms of this observed phenotype, an acellular myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay was utilized to determine whether PFOA, PFHxA, or GenX had direct effects on two different activities of human MPO. Myeloperoxidase performs two functions – chlorination and peroxidation (reviewed in Siraki (2021)). Chlorination is the process by which MPO creates two hypochlorous acid molecules by utilizing one hydrogen peroxide molecule as a substrate. Next, in order to return to its ground state in preparation for further chlorination reactions, peroxidation is performed. Chlorination was first measured to determine if there was an effect of the test compounds on MPO ROS production. None of the tested PFASs had a statistically-significant effect on chlorination (Supplemental Figure S(20(a))); however, treatment with GenX did trend toward a significant reduction (p = 0.1212 vs. water control). Next, MPO peroxidation activity was measured for each of the compounds. In this assay, treatment with GenX again trended toward a statistically-significant decrease (p = 0.2582 vs. water control). Conversely, treatment with PFOA or PFHxA increased MPO peroxidation activity with statistical significance (Supplemental Figure S(20(b))).
Attenuation of methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity by epigallocatechin 3-gallate
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Ayan Pradhan, Shilpa Sengupta, Ritika Sengupta, Mitali Chatterjee
Myeloperoxidase is an index of inflammation, which is released into the extracellular fluid following an inflammatory response. Activated neutrophils secrete enzymes like MPO which can generate free radicals like HOCl (Furtmuller et al.1992, De et al.2018, Pradhan et al.2019). In the present study, the raised levels of MPO in liver tissue homogenates of the MTX treated group (Table 3) indicated that accumulation of neutrophils contributed to MTX-induced oxidative injury, thus corroborating with previous studies (Caetano et al.1997, De et al.2018, Mehrzadi et al.2018). Furthermore, as pretreatment with EGCG prior to addition of MTX decreased MPO, it corroborated the ability of EGCG to prevent MTX-mediated cellular infiltration and inflammation (Table 3, Furtmuller et al.1992, Mahmoud et al.2017b, Pradhan et al.2019).
Antioxidant and in vitro cytogenotoxic properties of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C.Sm. leaf extract
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
José Rafael da Silva Araujo, Juliana Vieira de Barros Arcoverde, Marília Grasielly de Farias Silva, Edson Renan Barros de Santana, Persio Alexandre da Silva, Silvany de Sousa, Neide Santos, Pedro Marcos de Almeida, Cláudia Sampaio de Andrade Lima, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon, Rafael Jorge Santos Aracati Padilha, Marccus Alves, Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal
Considering the EtOAc fraction, GC-MS also identified the presence of other phenolic groups, such as guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) (6.52%), 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran (6.17%), 4-(ethoxymethyl)-phenol (0.97%), and a compound similar to isovanillic acid (isovanillic acid methyl ester, 2.37%), which were also found in barks from the same species in other studies (Negri et al.2004). The compounds 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (5.45%) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.93%) have not been reported in the literature so far for A. cearensis. Guaiacol is a plant phenol with myeloperoxidase inhibitor activity (Jayaraj et al.2020). This compound can modulate oxidative stress due to its methoxy substitution in the ortho position, which increases the radical scavenging efficiency of guaiacol (Azadfar et al.2015). Excessive myeloperoxidase activity and reactive oxygen species production are associated with many inflammatory processes (Khan et al.2018), including atherosclerosis, cancer, and Alzheimer’s. Coumarans (2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans) do not exhibit a role in oxidative stress, but your derived compounds have cytotoxic and antiprotozoal activities (Ilya et al.2018). On the other hand, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol is a high value-added product widely used as a flavoring agent, with potential for food preservation (Rubab et al.2020).