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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a highly active cytotoxic oxidant recognized as a potent antiseptic and disinfectant agent against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Sodium hypochlorite reacts with proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, and inactivates enzymes essential in the energy-yielding metabolism of microorganisms. Hydrolysis occurs when NaOCl contacts water-forming hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the less active hypochlorite ion (OCl). Hypochlorous acid then splits into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the oxygen atom (O), a strong oxidator, which diffuses through the microbial cell wall, changing the oxidation–reduction potential of the cell. As NaOCl is naturally occurring in human neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, an allergic reaction does not occur, is not mutagenic or carcinogenic, and it has a century-long safety record of use.151,152 For periodontal disease management, studies have shown that a very dilute solution 0.2% is highly effective as an antiseptic. NaOCl, at concentrations of 5%–6% as found in common household bleach, can cause irritation to the skin, mucous membranes and the eyes, and although the irritant effect is reversible, NaOCl at these concentrations should never be used for oral rinsing.
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The number of deaths from typhoid fever in the U.S. Army dropped from an average of twenty-three per 1000 recruits in 1901 to an average of 2.8 per 1000 recruits ten years later. The drop resulted from improved sanitation. Over the next five years, vaccination further reduced the number to 0.2 per 1000 recruits. Because it is a very effective and inexpensive antimicrobial agent, chlorine in its various chemical forms, including hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite (supermarket bleach), calcium hypochlorite (swimming pool disinfectant) and the chloramines, continues to be the primary means of preventing the spread of water-transmitted epidemic diseases.
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Chlorine exists in elemental form at a pH of less than 2. In the less acid environment of human tissue it becomes hypochlorous acid (HOC1), a molecular form that easily penetrates cell walls, reacting with cytoplasmic proteins to form Nchloro derivatives that are toxic to the cell structure (National Research Council, 1976). Cell wall damage occurs early (edema formation). Interaction withsulfhydryl groups and consequent interference with sulfhydryl-dependent enzymes has been suggested (Knox et al., 1948). RNA inactivation may be important as well (Griffin, 1976; Oliver et al., 1973).
Serum total bilirubin concentration is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with prehypertension
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2019
Ling-hui Tang, Cheng Huang, Ying-qing Feng
The mechanism of atherosclerosis is very complicated. The phenomenon that serum bilirubin was inversely with carotid atherosclerosis in prehypertension patients has not been completely understood. To explain why bilirubin could play a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis, several plausible mechanisms have been proposed. On the one hand, previous evidence suggested that bilirubin could serve as an effective physiologic antioxidant that may provide protection against atherosclerosis and inflammation by suppressing the oxidation of lipids in liposomes (20,27). On the other hand, a literature demonstrated that bilirubin could inhibit myeloperoxidase-induced protein/lipid oxidation and scavenge hypochlorous acid (28). Hypochlorous acid, an oxidant produced by myeloperoxidase, induced protein, and lipid oxidation, which was implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (29). Furthermore, bilirubin was a potent lipid chain-breaking antioxidant that could prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation and hence reduce the risk of atherogenesis by inhibiting copper (Cu2+)-induced lipid oxidation (30). Although the mechanism of bilirubin in the development of atherosclerosis has not been clear so far, a large number of previous studies have shown that bilirubin has obvious antioxidant effects. These findings and potential mechanisms may provide some new clinical implications and theoretical basis for early detection and prevention of atherosclerosis in the future.
Heterogeneity in the efficacy of dental chemical disinfectants on water-derived biofilms in vitro
Published in Biofouling, 2020
C. Zemouri, J. J. de Soet, C. M. C. Volgenant, W. Crielaard, A. M. G. A. Laheij
Presently, several manufacturers of dental units are developing disinfection systems containing hypochlorous acid, either made on location or delivered in bottles. One of the brand names for such agents used in the Netherlands is Anoxyl. Both Alpron and Anoxyl contain chlorine as an active disinfecting compound. In the circumstances of the AAA-model, Alpron turns out to be more effective in reducing biofilm viability compared with Anoxyl. This is probably due to its higher concentration of H2O2 and the presence of a biguanide although it is expected that the hypochlorous acid in Anoxyl has stronger oxidizing capacities.
The COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Marco Ciotti, Massimo Ciccozzi, Alessandro Terrinoni, Wen-Can Jiang, Cheng-Bin Wang, Sergio Bernardini
SARS-CoV-2 may persist on surfaces for a time ranging from hours to days [103]. Therefore, surfaces may represent a source of infection transmission. To minimize this risk, it is important to use disinfectants and detergents to kill SARS-COV-2. Several disinfectants are available on the market and can be used to clean surfaces that may be contaminated by the viruses: alcohols, peroxide and peroxy acids, quaternary ammonium compounds and inorganic compounds (chlorine, hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid) [104].